[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1155/ije/5878361.].

ObjectiveThe long‐term outcomes of discontinuing thyroxine replacement therapy in patients with persistent hypothyroidism following subacute thyroiditis are unknown. This study involved an extended follow‐up of a cohort of patients who participated in a clinical trial of prednisone for the treatment of subacute thyroiditis.MethodsThis retrospective cohort study included 52 patients with moderate to severe scores who were hospitalized between August 2013 and December 2014. Patients previously received prednisone for 1 week, followed by nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs for 1 week, and prednisone was administered for 6 weeks, after which the patients completed follow‐up to Week 24. Thyroid‐stimulating hormone, free triiodothyronine, and free thyroxine levels of the participants were measured 9 years after enrollment.ResultsOf the 52 participants randomly assigned to receive prednisone for 1 or 6 weeks, 50 completed the core trial, and 48 were eligible for extended follow‐up, with a median duration of 8.61 years (IQR 8.29−8.77). Thirty participants were assessed at 9 years, 15 could not be contacted, and three refused follow‐up tests. Among the 30 participants, 28 were euthyroid and 2 had subclinical hypothyroidism at 9 years. The median TSH level was 3.46 mIU/L (IQR 2.12–5.15) at 24 weeks and 2.17 mIU/L (IQR 1.83–3.77) at 9 years (p = 0.001). The median FT4 level was 14.27 pmol/L (IQR 12.15–15.72) at 24 weeks and 15.28 pmol/L (IQR 12.53–16.22) at 9 years (p = 0.959). Among the three participants diagnosed with persistent hypothyroidism at 24 weeks, one participant was diagnosed with subclinical hypothyroidism without thyroxine replacement therapy at 9 years, and two participants were diagnosed with subclinical hypothyroidism and euthyroidism after gradually withdrawing from thyroxine.ConclusionThyroid function remains stable in patients with persistent hypothyroidism following subacute thyroiditis after careful dose reduction and discontinuation of thyroxine replacement therapy. This finding may have implications for the individualized management of hypothyroidism.

ObjectiveClinical features of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) differ between developed and developing countries. In past decades, patterns of PHPT have changed while there are currently few data on large cohorts in Chinese. Therefore, this study aims to describe changes in clinical features of Chinese patients with PHPT.Materials and Methods685 patients with PHPT were collected and divided into several subgroups by time periods, symptoms, and pathological types. Clinical characteristics were compared among subgroups.ResultsPatients were divided into 177 cases (25.8%) in group A (2013–2018) and 508 cases (74.2%) in group B (2019–2024). Compared with group A, parathyroid hormone (PTH) was significantly lower and clinical manifestations were milder, and the percentage of asymptomatic patients was higher in group B. Bone pain (46.8%), nephrolithiasis (37.3%), and fatigue (36.2%) were the most common symptoms in symptomatic patients. Serum PTH, calcium, osteocalcin, and urine pH levels in symptomatic patients were higher than those in asymptomatic patients, while serum phosphate and bone density levels were lower. In addition, among 417 surgical patients, benign parathyroid tumor was in 373 cases (89.4%), atypical parathyroid tumor was in 34 cases (8.2%), and parathyroid carcinoma was in 10 cases (2.4%). Compared with benign PHPT, serum PTH, calcium, alkaline phosphatase, and bone turnover marker (BTM) levels were significantly increased, and serum phosphate level was decreased in malignant PHPT.ConclusionClinical features of PHPT changed during 2013–2024 with remarkably increasing asymptomatic PHPT patients, whose clinical manifestations were milder, and complications were less.

BackgroundThe systemic immune‐inflammation index (SII), an emerging inflammatory biomarker, has been associated with various diseases, but its relationship with thyroid function remains unclear. Our study aimed to investigate the potential connections between SII and thyroid function in the U.S. population.MethodsWe conducted a cross‐sectional study using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007–2012 data to evaluate the association between SII and thyroid function, including free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4), total triiodothyronine (TT3), total thyroxine (TT4), and thyroid‐stimulating hormone (TSH). Furthermore, the correlation was evaluated using multiple linear regression, smooth curve fitting, and threshold effect analysis.ResultsAfter multivariable linear regression, higher lgSII levels were independently associated with lower FT3 (β = −0.17, p < 0.0001), TT3 (β = −3.06, p = 0.0149), and TSH (β = −0.38, p = 0.0204), whereas TT4 levels were positively associated with lgSII after full adjustment (β = 0.27, p = 0.0016). Smooth curve fitting revealed an L‐shaped relationship between lgSII and FT3 and TSH. Threshold effect analysis identified an inflection point at lgSII = 2.29 (log‐likelihood ratio, P < 0.001).ConclusionIn U.S. adults, lgSII was negatively associated with FT3 and TSH and positively associated with TT4. These findings highlight a potential link between systemic inflammation and thyroid function, warranting further prospective studies to investigate causal relationships.

ObjectiveDiabetic nephropathy (DN) occurs in nearly 40% of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients, and there is a positive correlation between DN and terminal renal disease. Thus, exploring novel biomarkers is vital to facilitate early diagnosis and intervention in DN patients; however, indicators of DN are still scant. Since the microRNA‐126 (miR‐126) may be related to the occurrence of diabetes, we aim to assess the association between miR‐126 and DN.MethodsThis is a prospective cohort design and a nested case–control approach study that enrolled 300 individuals (100 T2DM patients, 100 DN patients, and 100 controls). miR‐126 expression was analyzed by quantitative real‐time PCR (qPCR) and compared among three groups. The overall survival (OS) was presented by Kaplan–Meier analysis. The area under the curve (AUC) was used to evaluate the potential of miR‐126 as a biomarker for DN.ResultDN patients, compared with T2DM and controls, had lower miR‐126 content (p < 0.001), and miR‐126 levels significantly decreased following a decreasing estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (r = 0.65, p < 0.001). Moreover, significant differences were also found in OS among quartiles of serum miR‐126 level (p for trend < 0.001). In addition, the AUC for diagnosis DN from T2DM patients was found to be 0.804 (95% CI, 0.745–0.863), with a sensitivity of 83.0% and a specificity of 63.0%.ConclusionThis study provides evidence to clarify that decreased levels of miR‐126 were linked to an increased susceptibility to developing DN compared with healthy volunteers. More importantly, the diagnostic role of miR‐126 remained significant in differentiating DN from T2DM patients.

BackgroundChildhood and adolescence are critical periods for skeletal development, yet the sex‐ and age‐specific relationships between body composition and bone mineral density (BMD) remain inadequately explored.MethodsThis study analyzed data from 6328 participants aged 8–19 years from the NHANES (2011–2018) using dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry to assess visceral adipose tissue area (VATA), skeletal muscle mass (SMM), and total BMD. Multivariate linear regression models were employed to examine the associations, accounting for potential confounders.ResultsInitial analyses indicated a positive correlation between VATA and BMD, which reversed after covariate adjustment. SMM consistently showed positive correlations with BMD, particularly in girls aged 8–11 years. The visceral adipose tissue to SMM ratio exhibited significant negative correlations with BMD, especially in boys aged 12–19 years.ConclusionsThese findings highlight the critical importance of balanced body composition for skeletal health during development, suggesting that targeted interventions to optimize muscle mass and reduce visceral fat may enhance bone density in children and adolescents.

BackgroundThis study aimed to investigate the relationship between serum osmolality and diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs).MethodsWe used data from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 1999 to 2004. The association of each variable with DFU was explored. A multivariate logistic regression model was used to test the relationship between serum osmolality and DFU. In addition, we performed subgroup analyses to assess the reliability of the results.ResultsSerum osmolality was significantly associated with DFU (p value < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed a significant association between serum osmolality and DFU (OR = 1.04, 95% CI: 1.01–1.07). Participants in the higher osmolality group (281–312 mOsm/kg) had 2.14 times higher DFU prevalence than those in the lower group (245–280 mOsm/kg) (OR = 2.14, 95% CI: 1.29–3.55). In addition, subgroup analyses and cross‐examinations confirmed that gender, age, and other variables did not significantly alter this association (all p values > 0.05).ConclusionsWe found that higher serum osmolality was associated with increased DFU odds. Close monitoring of serum osmolality levels in populations at high risk of DFU may facilitate early identification of the occurrence of DFU.

AimWe sought to evaluate the association of the Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (GNRI), which assesses nutritional status, and sarcopenia among older individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus.MethodsWe enrolled 292 type 2 diabetes mellitus patients aged 60 years and above in this cross-sectional study. This study took place at Şişli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital (Istanbul, Turkey) between April 2024 and December 2024. European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People-2 (EWGSOP2) criteria were used to define sarcopenia. The relationship between sarcopenia and GNRI was investigated by logistic regression models.ResultsThe average age was 72 years (range: 60–99). Of the 292 patients, 139 were male and 153 were female. Macrovascular complications and microvascular complications, such as neuropathy and nephropathy, were more common in sarcopenic patients. Low GNRI (< 98) was observed to be more in sarcopenic patients (p < 0.001). Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed an association between sarcopenia and neuropathy (p = 0.002) and macrovascular complications (p = 0.038).ConclusionsSarcopenia was more common in elderly type 2 diabetic patients with low GNRI. Our study emphasizes the high rate of malnutrition among sarcopenic patients, with a need for regular screening programs and the determination of elderly subjects requiring nutritional support. GNRI may serve as a screening indicator for the detection of malnutrition and sarcopenia in older diabetic individuals who are hospitalized.

ObjectiveTo assess the therapeutic effects of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) on children with familial central precocious puberty (FCPP) due to Makorin ring finger Protein 3 (MKRN3) gene mutations.MethodsChildren with central precocious puberty (CPP) who were admitted to the Pediatric Endocrinology Department of Shanghai Ruijin Hospital from 2014 to 2021 were enrolled, of whom 4 FCPP children with MKRN3 gene mutations, including 3 girls and 1 boy, were selected as research subjects. Their height, weight, body mass index (BMI), predicted adult height (PAH), bone age, bone age advance (BAA, bone age minus chronological age), height-based standard deviation scores (Ht-SDS) corresponding to the chronological age, concentrations of sex hormones (luteinizing hormone [LH] and follicle-stimulating hormone [FSH]), and development of sexual organs were compared before and after at least 2 years of GnRHa treatment.ResultsAfter at least 2-year GnRHa treatment, mean volume of uterus of three girls decreased from 5.72 ± 2.58 to 2.12 ± 1.62 mL (p < 0.05) and mean volume of ovaries decreased from 3.61 ± 1.67 to 0.62 ± 0.22 mL (p < 0.05) as well, indicating that the gonadal development was effectively inhibited. Basal concentrations of LH and FSH in serum decreased, indicating that the secretion of gonadotropin in the anterior pituitary is inhibited. BAA and Ht-SDS decreased, suggesting that the bone age was restrained, and the growth rate was slowed down to some extent. Both average BMI and obesity prevalence (X2 = 7.188, p=0.029) decreased during the treatment. No obvious adverse reaction was found.ConclusionLong-term GnRHa treatment could effectively inhibit the gonadal development and FSH secretion in FCPP children with MKRN3 gene mutations, while this inhibitory effect on the bone age and growth rate was not obvious. Adverse reactions such as increased prevalence of obesity were not found. A large-scale, long-term follow-up study is required to indicate whether patients' final height (FH) could reach PAH or target height (TH).

ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of the G protein–coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) on the balance of regulatory T-helper/new effector T-cells (Treg/Th17) in the peripheral blood of patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) and healthy individuals.MethodsA total of 230 participants were enrolled in this study, including 206 patients with new-onset HT (HT group) and 24 healthy physical examinees (normal control [NC] group). Venous blood samples were obtained from the participants and tested for serum GPER levels using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The peripheral blood proportion of Treg and Th17 cells and the Treg/Th17 ratio were determined using flow cytometry. Thyroid function, antibody levels, and biochemical and anthropometric tests were performed. Data management and statistical analyses were performed using SPSS Version 25.0.ResultsThe serum GPER levels among the HT group participants were significantly higher than those among the NC group (p < 0.001). Among the HT group participants with increasing serum GPER levels, the peripheral blood proportion of Treg cells and the Treg/Th17 ratio increased significantly (p < 0.001), even after adjusting for relevant confounding factors. However, with increasing serum GPER levels, the peripheral blood proportion of Th17 cells decreased significantly (p < 0.001), even after adjusting for confounding factors.ConclusionThe results confirmed that the serum GPER expression level in the initial HT group was significantly higher than that in the NC group and was positively correlated with the Treg/Th17 ratio, peroxidase antibody, and thyroglobulin antibody. Our findings suggest that a compensatory increase in the proportion of Treg/Th17 cells may be related to increased serum GPER levels.