The environmental changes (slow or rapid) put some selective pressure in living organisms and require the establishment of dynamic physiological changes that will establish homeostasis and survival. Physiological adaptation is a multi-level process that incorporates molecular signaling systems, cellular responses, system, and organism plasticity. This is a review that summarizes existing information on physiological mechanisms of adaptation to stressors across taxa, and includes molecular mechanisms including stress protein induction, hormonal regulation, epigenetic regulation, and metabolic reprogramming. We also analyze adaptation to temperature changes, hypoxia, salinity stress, drought and anthropogenic disturbances. A combination of ecological, molecular, and evolutionary views, this article highlights the significance of the physiological plasticity in determining species resilience in the face of an escalating global environmental change.

The purpose of this cross-sectional analytical research was to measure the physiological reaction of liver enzymes to various dieting plans and determine the relation between body mass index and physical activity and liver enzyme activity. The participants (n=90) of the study were 20-60 years old and their dietary patterns were evaluated in the structured Food Frequency Questionnaire, and stuck into the specific groups of dietary patterns. The alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and gamma-glutamyl transferase serum levels were determined by conventional enzyme colorimetric techniques. Anthropometrics were taken (body mass index) and physical activity was measured by use of International Physical Activity Questionnaire. The suitable parametric tests and Pearson correlation analysis were used to perform the statistical analysis. The results showed that significant changes were observed in liver enzyme levels with unhealthy eating behaviors showing increased activities of the certain liver enzymes and healthier eating behaviors and increasing physical activity was found to have more desirable enzyme patterns. Moreover, body mass index and some liver enzymes were positively correlated significantly, which showed that there may be some dependence between body composition and subclinical liver changes. These results indicate that the quality of the diets and the lifestyle of a person play a crucial role in ensuring that the liver functions normally and averts the occurrence of early metabolic and hepatic upset.

Four mulberry varieties— Kanva 2, Almora Local, China Peking China, and S-1096—were selected to study their effects on the protein banding patterns of fifth-instar larvae of Bombyx mori. The present results showed the level of haemolymph protein in different silkworm races PM x CSR2, CSR4 x CSR2, and CSR2 x CSR4 showed not much difference compared with each other, when fed on Kanva-2, Almora local MP and China Peking China mulberry varieties, only in S-1096 variety fed larvae was noticed less protein level as compared to other variety, it may due to poor leaf quality of S-1096. These findings suggest that although the general protein expression profile remains consistent across mulberry varieties, specific proteins are differentially expressed depending on the genotype of the host plant.

Medicinal plants have been a cornerstone of traditional medicine for centuries, offering a rich source of bioactive compounds with therapeutic potential. This study investigated the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effect of the ethanol stem back extract of Odina barteri in rodents. Analgesic effects of the extract was determined mice using acetic acid-induced writhing and formalin induced paw oedema in rats. The anti-inflammatory activity was assessed using xylene induced ear oedema in mice and egg- albumin- induced inflammation in rats respectively. The acetic acid and formalin induced pain methods showed dose dependent analgesic effects. There was a significant (p<0.05 and p<0.01) reduction in responses to noxious stimulus during both early and late phases of the ethanol stem bark extract of O. barteri at all the doses tested in formalin induced pain study as well as the acetic acid induced writhing investigations. There was a significant difference in sizes of oedema (p < 0.05 and p<0.01) between the treated right and the untreated left ears in all extracts tested. The extract exerted significant (p<0.05 and p<0.01) anti-inflammatory activity at the doses tested against egg albumin induced oedema. All the rats were healthy and active during and after the period of study. Phytochemical evaluation of O. barteri stem bark extract showed the presence of the following secondary metabolites; alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, cardiac glycosides, while anthraquinone and phenol were not detected. The oral acute toxicity result was greater than 3089 mg/kg in mice. The findings show that ethanol stem bark extract demonstrated analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities in a dose-dependent fashion. Thus, supporting claims of the plant’s traditional therapeutic importance for the treatment of pains by local population, and can be developed as an alternative therapy against the disease conditions.

Endometriosis is often treated as a localised gynaecological issue, but a growing body of evidence shows it has broader systemic effects including an increase in the risk of heart failure. The condition affects roughly 10% of women of reproductive age and is linked through large cohort studies and meta-analyses to elevated rates of ischaemic heart disease (IHD), stroke and arrhythmias (adjusted hazard ratios typically 1.1 to 1.5), with heart failure emerging as a signal in several nationwide registries. The connection appears to arise from three overlapping mechanisms; Persistent low-grade inflammation releases pro-inflammatory cytokines (notably IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β) into the circulation which promotes endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress, Oestrogen dysregulation which plays a paradoxical role: locally, excessive production in endometriotic lesions sustains inflammation while systemic hormonal imbalance can undermine vascular protection and contribute to pro-thrombotic or arrhythmogenic effects. Concurrent cardiometabolic disturbances such as insulin resistance, atherogenic dyslipidaemia, central adiposity and elevated cardiometabolic index further strain the myocardium and predisposes one to diastolic dysfunction particularly in the heart failure with preserved ejection fraction phenotype that disproportionately affects women. Clinically, this means endometriosis should no longer be managed in isolation. Routine cardiovascular risk assessment such as blood pressure, lipid profile, glucose tolerance and possibly selected inflammatory markers should become standard in follow-up especially for younger patients or those with long disease duration or have had prior surgery. Closer collaboration between gynaecologists and cardiologists together with prospective studies that track true heart failure incidence and evaluate targeted interventions (anti-inflammatory strategies, optimised hormonal regimens, lifestyle modification) could substantially reduce preventable cardiac morbidity in this population.

Enteric bacterial infection is one of the leading issues of national health in Kirkuk, Iraq, where various eating patterns and environment conditions can affect the spread of the disease. This analytical, cross-sectional research was done on the period between January and December 2025 in primary healthcare centers and large hospitals in Kirkuk Province, to investigate the connection between dietary habits, environmental, and the occurrence of enteric bacterial pathogens in patients with acute gastrointestinal symptoms. Consecutive sampling was done to recruit 150 in patients with acute diarrhea. A structured questionnaire was used to gather sociodemographic, dietary, environmental, and clinical data, and stool samples were processed with the help of the conventional method of microbiological culture and biochemical identification. Of the 150 samples that were tested; 102 (68.0 %) of the samples had positive bacterial pathogens. Escherichia coli was the most commonly identified pathogen (34.3 %), then Salmonella spp. (23.5 %), and the Shigella spp. (17.6 %). Important correlations were found between prevalence of infections and the frequent consumption of fast-foods (p = 0.004), consumption of undercooked meat (p < 0.001) and consumption of poorly washed vegetables (p < 0.001). Other environmental factors that had a significant association with infection were untreated sources of water (p = 0.002), poor hand hygiene (p < 0.001) and improper food storage (p = 0.01). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that there were independent predictors of bacterial infection, namely, rare handwashing (OR = 3.8), untreated water (OR = 3.5), unwashed vegetables (OR = 3.1), and undercooked meat (OR = 2.7). These results indicate the key importance of behavioral and environmental factors, which can be modified to decrease the burden of enteric infections.

Pregnancy is a critical physiological period characterized by increased nutritional demands to support maternal adaptations, placental function, and fetal growth. Fruits are an important component of prenatal nutrition, providing essential micronutrients such as vitamin C, folate, potassium, and antioxidants that contribute to immune function, hematopoiesis, neural development, and oxidative stress regulation. Adequate fruit consumption has been associated with improved pregnancy outcomes, including reduced risk of maternal anemia, enhanced fetal neurodevelopment, and favorable birth outcomes. However, concerns regarding the safety of certain fruits, particularly unripe papaya, pineapple, and grapes, have led to widespread misconceptions and unnecessary dietary restrictions. Current scientific evidence indicates that most fruits are safe when consumed in moderate amounts, and the concept of inherently teratogenic fruits is not supported by robust human data. Instead, potential risks are primarily associated with microbial contamination, pesticide exposure, or excessive intake of bioactive compounds in non-dietary forms. Avoidance of fruits without appropriate nutritional substitution may result in deficiencies of essential micronutrients, increasing the risk of adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. Clinical recommendations emphasize safe handling, proper washing, and balanced dietary intake rather than unnecessary restriction. This review highlights the importance of fruits in pregnancy, evaluates safety concerns, and provides evidence-based recommendations to optimize maternal and fetal health outcomes.

The study evaluates HBsAb vaccine potency and antibody response to routine vaccination among a population of Rivers State, Nigeria, with socio-demographic factors. Using ELISA kits, the study analysed blood samples from 282 participants, aiming to evaluate immunity levels against these diseases. The overall antibody response prevalence was 54.5%. The HBsAb results showed that 93.4% of participants were female, with most aged 21-30 years (52.6%). A large portion of the population was married (85.5%), and 54% held a tertiary education. The study emphasises the importance of monitoring Hepatitis B immunity, particularly among pregnant women, as a significant proportion (65.8%) reported pregnancy. The major conclusion from the study is that young, urban-dwelling women of reproductive age, particularly those aged 21-30, exhibit high antibody prevalence for measles, rubella, and tetanus, but a lower prevalence for HBsAb, highlighting the need for enhanced vaccination and immunity monitoring programs, especially during pregnancy, to lessen the likelihood of vertical and maternal illness transfer. These findings contribute to understanding vaccine efficacy and the need for targeted immunisation programs, particularly in maternal health contexts.

The study was designed to compare the structure of insect communities in abundance, density, and biodiversity among the dissimilar sites of the environment that reflect different land-use practices. It also examined how the physical environment factors and soil properties influence the formation as well as stability of these communities. The sampling was done in agricultural, natural, urban, and wetland environment and the insect specimen was identified and classified to order. Data were analyzed with the help of the biodiversity indices, statistical tests and correlation analyses of insect communities and environmental variables. The findings showed that there was a high degree of difference in abundance, density and biodiversity across the examined habitats. Wetlands, agricultural and natural sites were found to have greater amounts of abundance, and species richness in comparison with urban areas. Natural and agricultural habitats were also found to be less in the distribution of individuals between the groups of insects, but the urban habitats were found to be significantly reduced in the biodiversity as a result of anthropogenic pressures. The statistical tests indicated that sites have significant differences supporting the effect of the habitat type on insect community structure. Correlation analyses identified soil moisture and organic matter as positive influential factors positively on insect abundance and diversity and elevated temperatures and high light intensity had a comparatively negative impact. The experiment draws a conclusion that insect communities can be used as an effective bioindicator of the quality of a habitat and ecological balance. The results emphasize the necessity to retain the natural habitat features and to introduce the sustainable land-use management measures to increase biodiversity and ensure the ecosystem stability (Without the Visual Data).

Background: Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS) continues to be a major factor in neonatal health issues and fatalities, particularly in preterm babies. While Surfactant Replacement Therapy (SRT) has been the accepted treatment since the 1990s, advancements in respiratory support, like the transition to noninvasive ventilation, demand a fresh look at the types of surfactants and their delivery methods. Objective: This review investigates the pathophysiology of RDS, the biochemical structure of pulmonary surfactants, and how effective various treatment strategies are, including a comparison between natural and synthetic solutions along with invasive and noninvasive techniques. Methods: This research combines information from randomized clinical trials and meta-analyses that examine surfactant storage pools, the functions of surfactant proteins (SP-A, B, C, and D), and the timing of interventions (preventive versus rescue). Results: Currently, natural surfactants that come from animals are favored because they contain important hydrophobic proteins (SP-B and C), although newer synthetic options such as Lucinactant are promising in minimizing batch variability and the risk of immune reactions. There is strong clinical evidence that supports administering "early rescue therapy" within 1 to 2 hours of birth instead of waiting for treatment. In addition, techniques like Less Invasive Surfactant Administration (LISA) and INSURE have greatly lowered the need for mechanical ventilation and have reduced the occurrence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Conclusion: SRT serves as a fundamental component of neonatal intensive care, greatly decreasing mortality rates and the occurrence of pulmonary air leaks. Current practices in neonatology are shifting from routine intubation to a more selective approach that includes rescue therapy along with noninvasive support. Upcoming developments are focused on enhancing synthetic peptide analogues and nebulized delivery methods to further reduce lung damage.