This study investigated the distribution of aluminum (Al), arsenic (As), and lead (Pb) in water, sediments, and two dominant aquatic plants—morning glory (Ipomoea aquatica) and water mimosa (Neptunia oleracea)—from the middle part of Songkhla Lagoon. Heavy metal concentrations in water and sediments were below national and international standards, indicating low contamination risk. Both concentrations of As and Pb in sediment had severe enrichment (EF > 15) at all stations, suggesting anthropogenic inputs. In contrast, geo-accumulation index (Igeo) values were negative, indicating unpolluted sediments and showing two-index differential sensitivity. In aquatic plants, heavy metals were mainly accumulated in roots, with significantly lower concentrations found in stems and leaves, especially for As and Pb. Morning glory showed greater root uptake of As and Pb than water mimosa, making it a better candidate for bioindication. Despite root accumulation, translocation factors (TF) and bioaccumulation factors (BAF) were closed to zero for all stations and metals, confirming that metals did not effectively move into edible aerial tissues. This pathway from sediment to root, but not to leaf or stem, suggested that the edible parts of these plants remain relatively safe for consumption under current conditions. Low contamination levels in water and sediment limited metal transfer to upward plant parts, and environmental parameters (e.g., sediment pH, organic carbon, and particle size) supporting these species, particularly morning glory for rhizo-filtration and safe, sustainable use in brackish aquatic environments.

The bioplastic packaging is found to be inhibited the growth of bacteria causing spoilage of meat products. The result showed antibacterial activity of the crude extract of C. sappan heartwood. The results showed that the MIC values for E. coli, B. cereus and S. aureus were 1,875 mg/ml. In addition, the MBC values for E. coli and S. aureus were found to be 7,500 mg/ml but the MBC values for B. cereus were found to be more than 60,000 mg/ml. The result indicated that the inhibition zone diameter for bioplastics from corn starch and C. sappan heartwood crude extract inhibited E. coli, B. cereus and S. aureus were 5.4, 10.4 and 13.4, respectively. Therefore, bioplastic and crude extract of C. sappen heartwood could develop into packaging to prolong the meat product spoilage.

Sixty-nine fungal isolates were cultured on PDA and YMA media, with 42 testingpositive for siderophore production via the CAS blue agar assay. The highest producers—VL4, RC5, RY1, Mpe9, and RL3—exceeded 80% siderophore units (SU), with RC5 achieving 92.73 ± 0.56% SU. The ferric perchlorate test showed RL3 had the highest hydroxamate siderophore concentration at 1,060.92 ± 3.00 µg/ml. Siderophore production decreased when FeSO₄ was added to the culture medium, and varying media impacted the levels of siderophore and hydroxamate production. Samples from earthworm guts, vermicompost, and organic agricultural soil demonstrated low siderophore production (<60%) and hydroxamate concentrations (<10 µg/ml). Notably, siderophores significantly improved iron uptake in plants, evidenced by increased iron content and shoot height in rice. Morphological and ITS1 region analyses identified RL3 as Aspergillus sp. (closely related to Aspergillus niger) and RC5 as Mucor sp. (related to Talaromyces angelicus). The study concluded that fungi from economic and agricultural earthworm sources are found to be potent producers of siderophores and hydroxamate siderophores, offering potential applications for enhancing plant iron uptake and soil health.

Endophytic fungi, residing within plant tissues without causing harm, play a pivotal role in agricultural ecosystems by enhancing plant health and resilience. This review explores the diverse taxa of endophytic fungi and their multifaceted functions, including promotion of plant growth, enhancement of nutrient uptake, and facilitation of stress tolerance against biotic and abiotic challenges. Through symbiotic interactions, these fungi can induce systemic resistance in plants, offering a natural alternative to chemical pesticides for the management of plant pathogens and pests. Recent advances in molecular techniques have unveiled the complex diversity of endophytic communities, revealing their ecological significance and potential for biotechnological applications. The integration of endophytic fungi into sustainable agricultural practices holds promise for bioprotection, contributing to food security while minimizing environmental impacts. This review discusses various strategies for harnessing the beneficial properties of endophytic fungi, including inoculation protocols and the selection of compatible plant-fungal combinations. Furthermore, it addresses the challenges and prospects for future research, emphasizing the need for a greater understanding of the interactions between endophytes, host plants, and environmental factors. By leveraging the potential of endophytic fungi, agriculture can transition towards more resilient, sustainable, and environmentally friendly practices, paving the way for innovative solutions in crop management and protection.

A significant interaction between field capacity (FC) and seaweed extract (LSE) was observed for total chlorophyll content, with the highest level (4.74 mg/g tissue) in 0% LSE under 75% FC and the lowest (1.73 mg/g tissue) in 3.75% LSE under the same FC. While FC significantly affected growth and physiological traits, it had minimal impact on yield. Fruit weight and length varied slightly across FC levels: 100% FC (2.78 g & 11.79 cm), 75% FC (3.12 g & 13.41 cm), 50% FC (2.63 g & 12.46 cm), and 25% FC (3.12 g & 13.24 cm). In contrast, yield variables based on LSE treatment—fruit weight per plant and number of fruits per plant—showed moderate differences, with 0% LSE producing 17.51 g and 6.37 fruits, 1.25% LSE 19.95 g and 6.61 fruits, 2.5% LSE 17.98 g and 6.61 fruits, 3.75% LSE 22.09 g and 7.11 fruits, and 5% LSE 17.37 g and 6.52 fruits.

In recent years, the interplay between plants and microbes has gained significant attention in understanding resilience mechanisms under stressful environmental conditions. Plant-microbe symbioses, including mycorrhizal associations and beneficial bacteria interactions, play crucial roles in enhancing plant tolerance to abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, and nutrient deficiency. Advances in molecular and genomic technologies have facilitated the exploration of these complex interactions, revealing the underlying genetic and biochemical pathways that mediate plant responses to stress. Studies have demonstrated that beneficial microbes can modulate plant hormone levels, activate stress-responsive genes, and enhance nutrient uptake, thereby improving growth and productivity in adverse conditions. Furthermore, the concept of the phytomicrobiome emphasizes the collective influence of microbial communities associated with plants, highlighting their dynamic and interactive nature. This review synthesizes recent findings on the mechanisms of plant-microbe interactions and their implications for agricultural sustainability in the face of climate change. By leveraging these insights, researchers aim to develop innovative strategies for enhancing crop resilience and productivity, ultimately contributing to food security. The integration of microbiome management in agricultural practices holds promise for improving crop performance under varying environmental stressors, paving the way for a new paradigm in sustainable agriculture.

International collaboration in AI based technologies in agriculture is essential factor to increase output and agriculture productivity. AI horizons/ alliance program aimed to increase awareness and accessibility of new agro markets and optimize supply routes in Eurasia. Precision agriculture is commonly used term that enables AI based instruments into practical agriculture works. Precision agriculture in Eurasia is undergoing a transformative wave powered by artificial intelligence (AI) and cross-border innovation. This article examines how AI-driven technologies including agro-drones for aerial crop monitoring, satellite-based NDVI analysis, image recognition for pest and disease detection, advanced weather forecasting models, and decision support systems – are being deployed across Great Eurasia and Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) countries to boost agricultural productivity and sustainability. A particular focus is given to the Eurasian context countries like China, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Russia and Thailand are leveraging AI to overcome climate and labor challenges, increase yields, and optimize resource use. The AI Horizons Alliance, a Sber-driven consortium, is highlighted as a coordinating body facilitating the exchange of AI technologies and expertise across borders. Real-world case studies demonstrate tangible benefits, such as up to 20% increases in crop yields, and 30% improvements in efficiency, and significant cost savings, achieved through AI-enabled precision farming. The article discusses the collaborative efforts under BRI frameworks, the integration of traditional knowledge with cutting-edge digital tools, and the role of international organizations in guiding this tech-driven agricultural transformation. Challenges from data sharing to capacity building are considered alongside prospects for broader adoption. The findings underscore that AI-driven precision agriculture, underpinned by coordinated Eurasian partnerships, holds to promise for enhancing food security and sustainable development across the region. It is a part of innovation organic agriculture.

Broiler chickens were supplemented with oregano essential oil showed better early growth performance compared to those fed a standard diet or the antibiotic salinomycin. During the first 10 days, the chickens receiving oregano essential oil had a highly significantly higher feed intake (P<0.01) than the group which received 1,000 ppm. It showed the highest average daily feed intake of 26.62 g/bird, followed by the 2,000 ppm and 4,000 ppm groups, which had averaged intakes of 25.9 and 25.81 g/bird, respectively. However, the differences among the oregano-supplemented groups were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). In contrast, the control and antibiotic groups had lower feed intakes of 23.26 g/bird and 23.23 g/bird, respectively, but there were not significantly differed among the oregano-supplemented groups (P>0.05). Additionally, body weights and daily growth rates in all groups receiving oregano were similar to those in the antibiotics group and were significantly higher (P<0.01) as compared to the control group. However, no significant differences were observed among the various levels of oregano (P>0.05). Notably, during the same period, the group supplemented with 2,000 ppm of oregano essential oil exhibited a feed conversion ratio (FCR) that was statistically compared (P > 0.05) to the group receiving salinomycin. After the initial 10 days, there were not significant differed in growth performance or carcass traits across all treatment groups (P>0.05). The feed cost per kilogram of meat produced during the starter period for the 1,000 ppm oregano group was 25.76 Baht/kg, as compared to the control group at 25.96 Baht/kg and the antibiotic group at 23.85 Baht/kg. These findings suggested that oregano essential oil, particularly at 1,000 ppm, can serve as a cost-effective alternative to antibiotics for enhancing early-stage growth in broiler chickens without negatively impacting overall production costs or carcass quality.

The results of multinomial logistic regression analysis highlighted several variables significantly impacting on household food security. Of the eleven independent variables, only two had significant influenced on household food security, namely average expenditure and adequate sanitation. This study can serve as a foundation for strategic policy decisions by the Mukomuko Regency regional government. The findings can also act as an early warning system in case of a decline in the food security index, whether due to the pandemic or other factors. In addition, at the national level, Indonesia still has the same agricultural problems as before, namely labor, inputs, land use changes, etc. Indonesia needs to work harder to advance agriculture as a career, integrate agriculture to increase farmers' incomes, and increase agricultural intensification to cover its limited agricultural land. Import dependence is increased the possibility of problems in the future. Overemphasis on rice as the main ingredient to achieve food security is caused by other problems. Food diversification programs need to be advanced with more regulations and activities.

Results of this study revealed that fruits treated with the combined application (T2) of hot water treatment (HWT) at 50 °C for 10 minutes coupled with 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) through gas exposure at 1.50 ppm for 12 hours exhibited delayed peel color change, superior firmness retention, and consistently higher visual quality ratings throughout 15 days of storage. Untreated fruits (T1) ripened faster and had higher total soluble solids (TSS), while T2-treated fruits maintained comparable organoleptic attributes in terms of taste, aroma, and overall acceptability. HWT alone (T6) is effective in suppressing anthracnose incidence and severity which supports its role in postharvest disease management. However, neither HWT nor 1-MCP alone, nor their combination, completely eliminated disease development which indicates the need for supplementary interventions. These findings support the potential of integrated, non-chemical postharvest strategies for enhancing quality and extending the marketability of tropical fruits like papaya.