The HPLC analysis detected 435.14±6.67 mg/g (43.51%) of hydroxycitric acid (HCA) in the crude extract. Acetone extracts at the greatest concentration (200,000 µg/ml) were found to inhibit the growth of E. coli and S. enterica, with inhibition zones of 35.53 and 33.08 millimeters (mm), respectively. The MIC against E. coli and S. enterica was 12,500 µg/mL. The MBC values required to kill E. coli and S. enterica were 25,000 and 12,500 µg/mL, respectively. The results demonstrated a statistically significant increase in the final body weight of quail chicks supplemented with 0.2% commercial organic acids and those receiving 10 and 20 g/kg of G. atroviridis powder, relative to the control group, at 7–8, 8–9, and 3–9 weeks of age (P < 0.05). Furthermore, these findings supported the use of G. atroviridis as a feed additive for Japanese quails. Specifically, dietary supplementation with 10–20 g/kg of G. atroviridis powder significantly improves the productive performance of Japanese quails at 7–9 weeks of age.

This study investigated the hepatoprotective effects of ethanol extract from Erythrina fusca Lour. fruit (EFEL) against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver injury in mice. EFEL was administered orally at doses of 300, 400, and 500 mg/kg for 28 days. EFEL significantly restored body weight, reduced liver weight, and normalized serum AST, ALT, ALP, and bilirubin levels compared to the CCl4 group (p < 0.05). Total protein and albumin were also improved. EFEL attenuated oxidative stress by reducing malondialdehyde (MDA) and enhancing antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GSH, TAC), while decreasing catalase activity. The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) showed a marked decrease, particularly at the 500 mg/kg dose. Histopathological findings supported the biochemical results, showing preserved hepatic architecture and reduced inflammation. These results demonstrate that EFEL exerts dose-dependent hepatoprotective effects through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms, demonstrating its promise as a liver damage treatment.

Results demonstrated effective pellet formation with moisture content averaging 28.66-32.57% wb. Optimal performance was observed at a mixing speed of 75 rpm and a pelletizing speed of 350 rpm, achieving a production rate of 160.85±0.53 kg/hr. Production losses were minimal, with an average residual pellet percentage of 0.87±1.47% and an efficiency of 96.44±1.63%. The machine appears suitable for efficient community-level organic fertilizer production. Future research should focus on examining productivity factors, the long-term impacts of the process on sustainability and quality, and potential design improvements for enhanced transportability, such as tractor attachments, to better support farmers across various agricultural contexts.

Chinese water chestnut flour is used to replace some of the wheat flour in steamed cake (Pui Fai) The ratios of Chinese water chestnut flour to wheat flour were varied 0:100, 10:90, 20:80, 30:70, 40:60 and 50:50 respectively. The mixture of Chinese water chestnut flour to wheat flour was 20:80 which showed the moisture content value of 39.57%, water activity (aw) value of 0.90, oven spring value of 3.83% compared to the control , hardness value of30.36 N, brightness (L* value) of 88.20, redness/greenness (a* value) of -0.58, and yellowness/blueness (b* value) of 14.13.The average score for consumers' quality evaluation was 7.10 for appearance, 7.32 for color, 6.88 for flavor, 6.53 for odor, 7.25 for texture, 7.13 for taste, and 7.32 for overall preference.

The supplementation of cassava residue in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) feed was conducted the optimal level of cassava residue for improving Carcass Composition and to analyze the production costs of Nile tilapia fed with cassava residue. The chemical composition analysis showed that Diet 1 had the highest percentages of dry matter (89.7%), organic matter (88.0%), and crude protein (31.4%), indicating its nutritional superiority. Conversely, Diet 2 had the highest ash content (15.8%) and the lowest cost (1,006.45 THB per cage), making it a cost-effective option. In terms of carcass characteristics, significant differences (p < 0.05) were noted among the diets, with Diet 2 resulting in the highest standard length (12.90 cm) and weight after 30 minutes (70.44 g), demonstrating its effectiveness in promoting growth. The economic evaluation revealed that Diet 4 provided the highest net profit (638.80 THB per cage), outperforming the other diets in profitability. Overall, the findings indicated that incorporating dried cassava residue into Nile tilapia diets is not only enhanced growth performance but also contributed to improve economic returns. This study is provided valuable insights for aquaculture practitioners looking to optimize feed formulations for Nile tilapia while minimizing costs.

The findings demonstrated that a plant-based protein powder, tempeh derived from the freshwater alga Chara corallina (ATF-C), at 3.90–500 µg/mL showed no cytotoxicity, maintaining cell viability above 90%. It significantly promoted cell proliferation and upregulated mRNA expression of key antioxidant enzymes—superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase (CAT)—within 62.5–500 µg/mL (p<0.05). Moreover, ATF-C enhanced nitrite production and phagocytic activity in a dose-dependent manner. Gene expression profiling revealed marked induction of immune-related markers, including Lysozyme M, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-8 (IL-8), across the same concentration range (p<0.05). Collectively, these findings demonstrated that ATF-C is not only safe but also exhibits promising antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties. Its dual role as an immune enhancer and antioxidant is provided a strong foundation for future applications in human health, particularly in immunity regulation and oxidative stress management.

Most Thai farmers cultivate field crops on coarse-textured soils that are inherently low in fertility and highly susceptible to nutrient leaching, resulting in low nitrogen use efficiency. The results indicated that the Hin Kong (Hk) soil series exhibited greater ammonium-N and urea-N release than the Chanthuk (Cu) soil series, reaching 624 and 54.4 mg N kg⁻¹, respectively. In contrast, the Cu soil series showed higher nitrate-N release, with 364 mg N kg⁻¹. Among the fertilizer formulations, 15-7-18 produced the highest ammonium-N, urea-N, and available nitrogen release, although these values were not significantly different from those of the 15-5-20 formulation. Conversely, the 15-5-20 formulation generated the highest nitrate-N release (536 mg N kg⁻¹), but its ammonium-N and available N release remained statistically comparable to the 15-7-18 formulation. The 15-7-18 fertilizer consistently promoted early-stage ammonium accumulation, reflecting its relatively ammonium-based composition, whereas the 15-5-20 formulation favoured rapid nitrate build-up in the Cu soil. The 16-8-8 formulation exhibited a more gradual release pattern in both soils, maintaining available N at later stages and suggesting slower transformation and solubilization rates compared with the other formulations. These findings indicate that nitrogen release dynamics are jointly governed by fertilizer formulation and soil properties—including not only soil texture but also organic matter content, cation exchange capacity, and soil acidity. Temporal patterns further revealed an initial rapid nitrogen release followed by stabilization, reflecting the combined effects of soil physical structure, chemical characteristics, microbial activity, and fertilizer traits. Selecting an appropriate fertilizer formulation is therefore essential for improving nitrogen use efficiency in coarse-textured soils.

Crickets are among the most popular insects used as food due to their high nutritional value and ease of culture. The rearing of field crickets on diets containing dried cassava leaves as a substitute for soybean meal at levels of 0%(0CL), 30%(30CL), 50%(50CL), 70%(70CL), and 100%(100CL) was studied, focusing on their growth performance and nutritional value. After 45 days of cricket rearing, it was found that replacing soybean meal with dried cassava leaves at 30% and 50% showed no statistically significant difference (p>0.05) in cricket weight (279.82 g/box and 260.42 g/box, respectively) compared to the control treatment (284.08 g/box). There were statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) in individual body weight among the treatments. Crickets reared on the diet containing 100% dried cassava leaves (100CL) had the lowest individual body weights, measuring 0.688 g for males and 0.930 g for females. The number of eggs per female cricket had no statistically significant differences (p>0.05) across all treatments, ranging from 1,415.67 to 1,574.67 eggs. Additionally, field crickets fed diet containing dried cassava leaves had higher crude protein content (57.30-58.79% dm) than the control treatment (55.18% dm), with a statistically significant difference (p<0.05). However, the crude protein, crude fat, and crude fiber contents decreased with increasing levels of dried cassava leaves in the diet. In conclusion, dried cassava leaves can replace up to 50% of soybean meal without reducing the yield, fecundity, or nutritional value of field crickets.

It was found that dimensional properties consisted of particle diameter, total particle area, and number of particles were significantly influenced by casava cultivar, particle size and the interaction of these two factors. For the shape properties, sphericity was influenced by cassava cultivar; roundness was influenced by particle size; and surface roughness was influenced by both cassava cultivar, particle size, and the interaction of these two factors. For color properties, whiteness index was affected by cassava cultivar, particle size, and the interaction of these two factors; chroma was affected by particle size; and hue angle was affected by cassava cultivar and the interaction of cassava cultivar and particle size. It could also be concluded that produced cassava flour was finer and whiter than the commonly encountered cassava flour, with the sphericity included into spherical and high spherical particles, and roundness of the particle flour classified as rounded and well-rounded. There was a tendency to decrease in particle size which was accompanied by decreasing surface roughness, and this smaller particle size produced a higher whiteness index. Finally, the choice of cassava cultivar and particle size was very important in obtaining flour with the desired properties.

One of the current issues in rice-growing regions is heavy metals contaminated rice paddy. The environment and the health of people, animals, plants, and crops are negatively impacted by high levels of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb). The present study isolated and identified potential microbial remediators from the rice growing area contaminated with heavy metals at Sitio Namangonan, Guiset Norte, San Manuel, Pangasinan, Luzon Island, Philippines. The bacterial isolates were molecularly identified using 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing, the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST), and performed evolutionary analyses using MEGA 11. The soil sample contained 0.42 mg/kg cadmium and 57.80 mg/kg lead. Five species of bacteria (BI-1, BI-2, BI-3, BI-4, and BI-5) namely: Priestia flexa BI-1, Priestia megaterium BI-2, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia BI-3; P. megaterium BI-4; and P. megaterium BI-5 with 98.94%, 98.47%, 92.53%, 84.21%, and 99.67% similarity, respectively, were isolated from the soil contaminated with cadmium and lead. Furthermore, P. megaterium BI-2, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia BI-3, Priestia megaterium BI-4, and P. megaterium BI-5 are tolerant to up to 1000 mg/kg cadmium concentration while P. flexa BI-1 is identified as non-tolerant to cadmium contamination. Additionally, Priestia megaterium BI-2, S. maltophilia BI-3, P. megaterium BI-4, and P. megaterium BI-5 are resistant to lead concentrations of up to 1000 mg/kg. Therefore, in cadmium and lead-contaminated rice paddy soil, the bacterial isolates are resistant to heavy metals. Finally, these bacterial isolates could clean up lead and cadmium-contaminated rice paddy soil.