Menui Sub-basin is a part of Matarombeo terrain, located in south-east arm of Sulawesi Island – Indonesia. Matarombeo terrain geologically is bounded by Matano Fault, Lawanopo Fault, and Tolo Trust. Different from western part of Matarombeo Terrain that consist of Mountain, Menui Sub-basin is located at eastern part of Matarombeo Terrain, covered by sea water of Tolo Bay. The aim of this research is to interpreted basin formation and evolution of Menui Sub-basin, based on geomorphological and geological observation, further than stratigraphic and structural analysis. Research method included IFSAR image interpretation, geological field observation, and laboratory analysis such as petrography, paleontology, structural geology and sub surface analysis. Geologic and structural geology data were collected from surface mapping in land of Matarombeo, but sub-surface interpretation beneath Tolo bay were taken from gravity and seismic data. Stratigraphically, study area consist of Cretaceous – Oligocene ophiolite series which thrusted above Mesozoic sedimentary rocks from the continental crust origin. Unconformably above those two rock groups deposited molasse group on Miocene. The study area has been affected by three different tectonic stress phases. Formation and evolution of Menui Sub-Basin is characterized by several distinct events. The events begin from its history as part of Australia (pre-rifting sequence), the detachment from Australia (syn-rifting sequence), movement to its present location (syn-drifting sequence) and during and after the collision with SE Sulawesi (syn-orogen and post-orogen sequences).Received: 2025-11-24 Revised: 2025-12-13 Accepted: 2025-12-31 Published: 2025-12-31

The global agricultural transition has created class divisions between the wealthy bourgeoisie and the laboring proletariat, thereby strengthening capitalist structures. Sri Lanka reflects this shift as it moves from subsistence to market-driven farming through policy and technological changes. The Mahaweli System H Area shows this transformation in land ownership, income, and livelihoods. Through a comprehensive investigation into the socio-economic changes in System H, this study examines the adaptive strategies employed by settlers to navigate these shifts. The mixed-method approach using the Convergent Parallel Design was applied, including semi-structured questionnaire survey and field observations. The survey was conducted with 40 settlers selected using a stratified random sample, with the consultation of the Mahaweli Residential Project Manager’s Office. The sample size was determined using a Standard Proportion-based formula with an 80% confidence level and 10% margin of error. The research identified four income categories: Higher Income (HI), Medium Lower Income (MLI), Lower Higher Income (LHI), and Lower Income (LI), illustrating the bourgeoisie and proletariat classes. Dynamic settlers expose adaptability and innovation, while conventional settlers maintain traditional practices, highlighting a socio-economic landscape. The study highlights the ongoing struggle of marginalized settlers and the complex interplay among socio-economic structures, government interventions, and individual resilience. While socio-economic dynamics persist within the framework of the bourgeoisie and proletariat, immediate radical transformations appear unlikely. The findings shed light on the difficulties of agrarian societies and offer insights into addressing vicious poverty in agrarian communities.

Food security has become a global issue, and represents the first of the Sustainable Development Goals, which is zero hunger. Many countries, including Indonesia, have set food security as the central policy on their development agenda. There has been some research into food security issues, but primarily this has no spatial context. This research identifies spatial clusters—high-high, low-low, high-low, and low-high—across four food security measures: the Food Security and Vulnerability Atlas, the Dietary Diversity Score, the Food Variety Score, and the Calorie Intake. It explores 514 districts in Indonesia for 2019 using Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis (ESDA, Global Moran’s I) and Local Indicators of Spatial Association (LISA). The data for measuring food security come from SUSENAS (the National Socio-Economic Survey), Statistics of Indonesia and the National Food Agency. The research reveals the presence of regional food security in Indonesia. Eastern Indonesia faces challenges from food insecurity issues. The LISA result shows that there are low-low clusters in eastern Indonesia because of geographical isolation, poor economic performance, and a lack of infrastructure. Conversely, high clusters in western Indonesia, especially in Java Island, benefit from favorable agricultural conditions, a robust infrastructure, and diverse food markets. High-low clusters highlight that there are urban centers with better food access amidst less secure areas, while low-high clusters face economic and logistical challenges despite being near food-secure regions. This local analysis offers nuanced insights beyond the results of a standard ESDA, emphasizing the need for tailored policies to address regional disparities. Future research should explore the determinants of food security using spatial and non-spatial econometric approaches and should apply convergence analysis to identify the factors driving prosperous regions, providing benchmarks for enhancing food security across all districts.

This study examines the phenomenon of return migration among Indian migrants in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, with a focus on the period from 2002 to 2014. Drawing on data from various sources, including government reports and field surveys conducted from November 2018 to May 2019, the research provides valuable insights into the patterns, trends, and implications of return migration for India. The analysis reveals a significant surge in the number of Indian migrants returning from the GCC region during the specified period, with an estimated 3-4 million individuals expected to have repatriated to India. Factors driving this trend include changes in labour demand, economic conditions, and government policies in both India and the GCC countries. The study also highlights the challenges faced by returnees, such as reintegration into the Indian labour market, access to social services, and cultural adjustments. Despite these challenges, return migration presents substantial opportunities for India, including the transfer of skills, knowledge, and financial resources from the diaspora, as well as the potential for enhanced economic cooperation and development partnerships between India and the GCC countries. By understanding the dynamics of return migration and addressing the associated challenges, India can better leverage the potential of its diaspora for national development and prosperity. Received: 2024-09-04 Revised: 2024-10-05 Accepted: 2025-08-15 Published: 2025-08-19

Contamination of water resources by heavy metals poses significant environmental and public health challenges worldwide, especially in developing regions like Nigeria. This study investigated the concentration levels of heavy metals in sedimentary formations across selected local government areas in Kogi State, Nigeria, with the aim of assessing seasonal variations and potential health risks. Four local government areas were strategically chosen to represent major sedimentary formations in the state. Water samples were systematically collected during both dry and wet seasons, yielding a total of 60 samples per season for laboratory analysis. The samples were analyzed for 10 physico-chemical parameters, 3 biological indicators, and 10 heavy metals using standard laboratory procedures. Data were analyzed using SPSS 20.0 for descriptive statistics and further subjected to inferential statistics, including Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Student t-test, to assess variations across seasons and formations. Results revealed that concentrations of heavy metals such as zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), cadmium (Cd), iron (Fe), and magnesium (Mg) exceeded both WHO and Nigerian Standards for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ) limits, particularly during the wet season, indicating significant seasonal variability and potential ecological risks. The findings highlight the critical need for effective environmental management and pollution control measures in the study area. The study's novelty lies in its comprehensive seasonal and spatial assessment of heavy metals across sedimentary formations, providing baseline data for policymakers. In comparison with similar studies in Nigeria and globally, these results emphasize the urgent need to improve waste management practices and strengthen water quality monitoring systems. Received: 2023-07-16 Revised: 2025-01-16 Accepted: 2025-08-05 Published: 2025-08-19

Climate change and increase in global surface temperature are growing concerns worldwide, especially big urban agglomerations like National Capital Region of India, New Delhi and surrounding region have experienced exponential urbanization paving way to horizontal spilling of urban built-up areas, which consequently amplifid the climate variability and surface temperature change over the past few decades. Threfore, the city is highly susceptible to several climate extremes, including heat waves, cold waves, droughts, and flods, impacting socioeconomic lives of over 20 million population. In this study, we applied remote sensing and GIS approaches to study climate variability and its impacts on urban areas. Indicators such as the Land Surface Temperature (LST), Urban Heat Islands (UHI), Normalized Diffrence Vegetation Index (NDVI), and Land Use Land Cover (LULC), were calculated using satellite data for the years 1993, 2000, 2010, and 2020. Th result shows that LST values sharply rose as the maximum value reached 6.9°C in the last three decades (1993-2020), and UHIs maximum values reached 1.76, indicating a clear warming trend in the study area. During this period, the NDVI levels have decreased considerably, going from 0.59 to 0.21, which can be attributed to the expanding urbanization and the decreased green area. Th LULC loss and gain analysis revealed that the urban area has rapidly expanded. In contrast, it resulted in loss of agricultural land, barren and scrubs, water bodies and forest area. Th results show vast climate variability in the region posing threat to environment and socio-economic livelihood of the population.

Coastal areas are classified as highly vulnerable because they are always tied to changes in the global aquatic environment. The ecosystem dynamics are increasingly complicated and complex as a result of interactions with other systems on land. This phenomenon is very visible in the coastal areas of Bantul Regency and Kulon Progo Regency. We use Sentinel-2 satellite image interpretation in the period 2013-2022 as a historical record of land use change, and then explore it with Niklas Luhmann's social system theory to understand how communities and government mean the ecological system represented by activities in coastal areas. The results showed that the community and the Government massively changed the original ecosystem of pes-caprae with the dominant afforestation of shrimp cypress. For the community, afforestation is assumed to support production agriculture, from subsistence agriculture. For the government, afforestation is a misconception about reforestation and protecting vital infrastructure such as Yogyakarta International Airport. The main capital for change is technology and its knowledge, and economic capital obtained from production. The economic capital obtained is used for social transformation, including eliminating the stigma of poor, uninformed, and inferior coastal communities. The results achieved change the meaning of land from previously only to support daily livelihoods to production factors that have very high economic and social value. Any attempt to change the establishment of the social and economic system will be met with strong resistance from the community. Under these conditions, the sustainability discourse that we are developing is to build an institutionalized knowledge system, which is carried out repeatedly and continuously, which is important for the community to understand because its dynamics will continue to develop in the future.Received: 2024-10-23 Revised: 2025-02-07 Accepted: 22025-04-16 Published: 2025-04-30

This paper explores the Indonesian urban development through the lens of smart city initiatives. The study investigates the nuanced dynamics of implementing smart city solutions in Indonesia. With a focus on the broader Indonesian context, the research delves into specific case studies to unravel the interconnections between community and smart city. The paper aims to showcase how smart city strategies are emphasizing on the importance of intellectual diversity as a strength in the face of global challenges. Through a multidisciplinary approach, the study addresses on technological aspects of smart city development. It advocates for smart urbanism as a means to break barriers and promote unity, ultimately contributing to the larger discourse on leveraging diversity as an essential asset for sustainable and inclusive urban future in Indonesia.Received: 2024-07-05 Revised: 2024-08-08 Accepted: 2025-04-24 Published: 2025-04-30

This study aimed to develop a model for accelerating the transition to green economy through the implementation of a climate village focused on food security. It introduced a children-friendly digital education program designed to enhance out-of-class learning on climate change mitigation and adaptation. This study also emphasized the integration of Proklim activities within designated areas to minimize the adverse effects of climate change. A survey method was conducted in Sukoharjo Regency with a sample of 160 respondents of Proklim activists. Primary data were collected using questionnaires, FGDs, and quantitative interviews, while secondary data were collected through documentation. The data were analyzed using geographic information systems, structural equation model PLS, vs code software, MySQL, construct, animate, and travel cost methods. The results showed that accelerating the transition to green economy through a food security-based climate village program involved a combination of adaptation, mitigation, and sustainability efforts. The adaptation measures focused on controlling drought, floods, and landslides, enhancing food security, and managing climate-related diseases. Meanwhile, mitigation efforts included effective waste management for both solid and liquid waste, adoption of renewable energy, conservation practices, energy efficiency, reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, agricultural innovation, and the preservation of vegetation cover. Sustainability was reinforced through the establishment of community groups, promotion of self-reliance, independent funding initiatives, gender-inclusive participation, capacity-building programs, external support, and the development of activities that generate social, economic, and environmental benefits. Digitalization in education is implemented through the Proklim digital platform, KampungIklim.com, which offers out-of-class learning resources on climate change mitigation and adaptation. Proklim activities serve as pilot sites for educational tourism, promoting sustainability by integrating economic value into existing initiatives, including the development of Proklim-based tourism villages.Received: 2024-08-15 Revised: 2024-11-15 Accepted: 2025-02-19 Published: 2025-04-29

Rapid urbanization has significantly contributed to environmental degradation, particularly in coastal cities. In Semarang’s Tanjung Mas Village, frequent coastal flooding is a pressing issue, driven by rising sea levels, land subsidence, and inadequate drainage infrastructure. Therefore, this study aims to identify coastal flood hazards in Tanjung Mas and evaluate the efficiency of evacuation routes to improve disaster response strategies. Using GIS-based spatial analysis, flood modeling, and network analysis, high-risk zones, and proposed optimized evacuation pathways are identified. In line with these results, the northern and central sections of Tanjung Mas are the most vulnerable, with densely populated residential and industrial areas at the highest risk. A comparison with Seocho and Gangnam District, South Korea, and Mueang Nakhon Si Thammarat District, Thailand, highlights key differences and similarities. In South Korea and Thailand, the proposed evacuation routes have not adequately considered human behavioral factors. In contrast, a GIS-based specifically tailored to Tanjung Mas, integrating real-time flood updates and optimized route mapping to improve evacuation strategies is proposed. By drawing insights from international case studies, this study contributes to developing adaptive flood evacuation systems applicable to other coastal cities facing similar challenges. These results emphasize the importance of integrating real-time data and community-based planning to enhance disaster resilience and response strategies in urban coastal environments. The approach delivers a novel approach to combining disaster preparedness analysis and flood modeling in the results of a proposed evacuation route in the industrial coastal area.Received: 2024-07-19 Revised: 2024-08-20 Accepted: 2025-03-26 Published: 2025-04-28