Indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA) is an essential phytohormone that controls a variety of plant growth mechanisms. Bacteria can produce IAA to stimulate plant growth, with its production influenced by the culture conditions. Serratia plymuthica UBCF_13 is recognized as an IAA‐producing bacterium, exhibiting maximum IAA production in a yeast medium comprising yeast extract, sucrose, K2HPO4, MgSO4, NaCl, and CaCO3. However, prior studies optimizing individual inorganic salt components indicated minimal impact on IAA synthesis within this medium. This study aimed to eliminate the unnecessary inorganic salt components and the medium was then applied to investigate the IAA biosynthesis pathway and the plant growth‐promoting assay. The elimination assay consisted of yeast sucrose medium devoid of K2HPO4, MgSO4, NaCl, or CaCO3, and yeast sucrose medium containing only MgSO4 and CaCO3. Various indole compounds were then added to the revised medium composition to investigate the IAA biosynthesis pathway of UBCF_13 using high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Furthermore, the effect of UBCF_13 culture supernatant, cultivated in the new medium, on chili plant growth was evaluated. The highest IAA production (138.8 µg/mL) was observed in the yeast sucrose with CaCO3 and MgSO4 (elimination of K2HPO4 and NaCl). The presence of indole‐3‐acetamide (IAM) compound from the medium extracts, supplemented with multiple indole compounds, revealed that UBCF_13 may use the IAM pathway. The application of UBCF_13 supernatant enhanced the shoot, root length, fresh weight, and germination time of chili seeds by 37.7%, 49.3%, 204.3%, and 38.6%, respectively. This study demonstrated that eliminating K2HPO4 and NaCl provided a new culture medium composition conducive to IAA production by UBCF_13. Moreover, the UBCF_13 extract has the potential to promote plant growth.

A suitable wastewater treatment system is required due to the high organic compound content in tofu wastewater, which can harm the environment. Biological treatment methods are effective for treating tofu wastewater due to its characteristics. Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) represent one such biological treatment option, effectively removing organic contaminants while generating low‐power electricity through bioenergetic reactions. In MFCs, microorganisms are used as biocatalysts to degrade the organic compounds present in wastewater. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of Salt‐bridge microbial fuel cells (SB‐MFC) using various acclimatized microbe cultures for reducing organic compounds and generating energy from tofu wastewater. Tofu wastewater was sterilized prior to introduction into the reactor. Additional microbes, including the native microbe consortium from tofu wastewater, Escherichia coli, Saccharomycopsis fibuligera, and a mixed culture of E. coli and S. fibuligera, were then introduced as biocatalysts. Carbon electrodes were utilized as both the anode and cathode. The results indicate that the mixed culture of E. coli and S. fibuligera significantly reduced COD and BOD5 levels, with removal rates of 82.74% and 76.53%, respectively, after 48 h. Furthermore, the culture generated a voltage of 676 mV, a current of 2.53 mA, a power density of 428 mWatt/m2, and 4.789×10‐2 kWh of energy. This study contributes to the advancement of SB‐MFC by utilizing wastewater and a combination of bacteria and yeast as biocatalysts.

Previous studies have used molecular markers associated with the GS3 gene to differentiate between short and long rice. However, there are three classifications of grain size: long, short, and medium. The identification of medium‐grain rice using these markers linked to the GS3 gene is yet to be confirmed. Hence, this study aimed to identify medium‐grain rice through phenotyping and genotyping. Grain characteristics including grain length (GL), grain width (GW), and the length‐to‐width ratio (GL/GW) were measured using SmartGrain software. The genotype was then amplified with the GS3 gene‐linked DRR‐GL (double round‐robin for grain length) molecular marker. The results revealed that medium‐grain rice, as identified by the DRR‐GL marker, exhibited DNA bands at the position of 150 bp. These bands differed from those observed in long‐grain rice, but they were consistent with those found in short‐grain rice. The genotypic results further indicated that PCR products obtained with the DRR‐GL marker in medium‐grain rice accounted for 86.8% of the phenotypic variation in grain size. This study provides fundamental genetic insights into the identification of medium‐grain rice and contributes to optimizing effects on rice breeding related to grain size.

Oryza sativa L. ssp. indica (RD47 cultivar) is a major commercial rice variety known for its highly stable yields. However, it is highly susceptible to bacterial blight disease caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo). While previous research has focused on improving rice cultivars through breeding programs, no reports involved the interaction between Xoo infection and gene expression. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between bacterial blight disease and gene expression, focusing on two resistance genes (Xa21 and XIK1) and one susceptible gene (OsSWEET14). Gene expression analysis revealed that the Xa21 gene conferred effective resistance against bacterial blight Xoo16PK002 infection, providing high and moderate resistance to bacterial blight symptoms in two rice varieties carrying the Xa21 gene, IRBB21 and the near–isogenic RD47–Xa21 BC4F4, respectively. Additionally, the Xa21 gene directly induced XIK1 expression in both resistance rice cultivars. Moreover, one susceptible gene, OsSWEET14, was consistently up–regulated in only the bacterial blight–susceptible indica rice cultivar RD47. Therefore, the up–regulation of resistance genes and the suppression of susceptible genes contributed to the improvement of bacterial blight disease in the RD47 cultivar. Xa21 emerged as a criti‐ cally important gene in directly inducing mechanisms against Xoo, thereby promoting the reduction of bacterial blight disease.

Excessive exposure to UV radiation results in skin photoaging, which may be prevented or treated using natural plant compounds. Herbal cosmetics and medicines have grown in popularity due to the abundance of relatively safe compounds. This research aims to explore the network pharmacology of Glycyrrhiza glabra (GG) and Curcuma domestica (CD) against skin photoaging. Active compounds from GG‐CD were sourced from databases including TCSMP, KnapSack, TCMID, and published literature, while disease targets were collected from GeneCards and OMIM databases. The STRING database was utilized to construct the protein‐protein interaction (PPI) network. Enrichment analyses for Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway were performed using Metascape. The herb‐compounds‐target‐pathway‐disease (H‐C‐T‐P‐D) network was visualized using Cytoscape software. A total of 529 compounds, 2,335 active compound targets, and 120 skin aging targets were obtained. GO enrichment revealed 1,635 biological processes, 67 cellular components, and 121 molecular functions. The study suggests that GG and CD have the potential to treat skin photoaging by targeting multiple targets, such as TP53, TNF, AKT1, IL6, and IL‐1B, as well as multiple pathways, such as those in cancer, apoptosis, TNF, IL‐17, and the AGE‐RAGE signaling pathway. Experiment validation is necessary to confirm the preliminary network pharmacology results.

Identifying rat and mouse species quickly, affordably, and accurately is crucial for effective population management, as well as for eradication or conservation purposes. However, the sheer diversity of these species poses a challenge. To address this, a molecular approach has been developed, involving the amplification of a short genetic marker from materials commonly left by the animal, such as hairs and feces. Recent available PCR primers were not suitable for the surveillance of large sample sizes. As a solution, this study designed and validated a PCR primer set capable of detecting five species of rats and mice (Mus musculus, Rattus tanezumi, Bandicota indica, Rattus tiomanicus, and Rattus argentiventer) commonly found in Java, Indonesia. The specific primers were derived from the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene, designed using the SP‐Designer V7.0 application, and validated using both in silico and in vitro methods. The validation results demonstrated that all five pairs of primers were highly specific, generated correct amplicons, and successfully detected the five distinct species present in a Javan mongoose feces sample. These findings are significantly important as they enable the effective detection of rat and mouse species and potentially provide valuable ecological insights from the field.

Alternating Current‐Electric Field (AC‐EF) generated by non‐contact Electro Capacitive Cancer Therapy (ECCT) can inhibit breast tumor growth. However, its effect on breast tumor angiogenesis remains unclear. Since angiogenesis is involved in normal physiology and tumors, it is crucial to investigate the effect of ECCT on normal and breast tumor angiogenesis. Samples consisting of rat breast normal tissue and breast tumors were obtained from the biobank, with tumors induced by 7,12‐dimethylbenz (α) anthracene (DMBA) at 20 mg/kg BW 10 times over five weeks. Meanwhile, ECCT exposure of 150 kHz and 18 Vpp was conducted for 21 days at 10 hours/day. The qPCR method was used for gene expression analysis, while immunohistochemistry used antibody anti‐Vegfr2 that was used to detect Vegfr2 protein expression. Data were analyzed using one‐way ANOVA and t‐tests performed with GraphPad Prism ver.9.5.1 software. The results revealed no impact of ECCT exposure on normal breast tissue angiogenesis. Interestingly, there was a significant increase in the number of blood vessels following the upregulation of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor‐2 (Vegfr2) as opposed to its primary signal, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor‐A (Vegfa). Furthermore, gene expression of Hypoxia Inducible Factor‐1α (Hif1α) and Specificity Protein‐1 (Sp1) was similar to that of the control group, suggesting that Vegfr2‐dependent angiogenesis regulates ECCT‐treated breast tumor angiogenesis.

Protecting the skin from the effects of UVB radiation using natural products is crucial in the cosmeceutical industry. This study aims to investigate the protective effects of Bangle (Zingiber cassumunar Roxb.) against UVB‐induced skin damage in Wistar albino rats. The rhizomes were macerated using 70% ethanol v/v, followed by n‐hexane to obtain n‐hexane soluble and n‐hexane insoluble fraction. The antioxidant properties of the ethanol extracts and n‐hexane soluble fraction were evaluated using a 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The study also examined the antiphotoaging properties through reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging assay, matrix metalloproteinase‐1 (MMP‐1) expression, and tyrosinase expression against UVB radiation in Wistar albino rats. The results demonstrated that the Z. cassumunar extract and fraction effectively converted DPPH radicals into a more stable compound. Analysis revealed the presence of Benzene, 4‐(1Z)‐1,3‐butadien‐1‐yl‐1,2‐dimethoxy‐ and (E)‐4‐(3,4‐Dimethoxyphenyl) but‐3‐en‐1‐ol as the primary compounds in both the extract and fraction, suggesting their contribution to the observed activity. Furthermore, Z. cassumunar compounds could reduce UVB‐induced ROS production and may protect against skin photoaging by changing the expression of MMP‐1 and tyrosinase levels in Wistar albino rats. These findings suggest that Z. cassumunar holds promise for preventing skin aging.

Arthrospira platensis has emerged as a promising biodiesel feedstock due to its rapid growth and substantial biomass. In efforts to reduce production costs, researchers have explored alternative media derived from livestock waste to modify conventional mediums for Arthrospira platensis cultivation. The experimental design of this research employed a Completely Randomized Design, with treatments comprising inorganic fertilizer (A), chicken manure (B), cow manure (C), and goat manure (D). The livestock manures were macerated for seven days before being utilized as A. platensis medium. The results revealed significant (p < 0.05) impacts of different media on peak growth values and biomass production, reaching 2.03 ± 0.06 g/L and 1.76 ± 0.05 g/ L, respectively for chicken manure. The highest peak lipid content was observed in A. platensis cultured in goat manure medium. This study recommends goat manure as the preferred medium for mass cultivation of A. platensis. Mass cultivation in goat manure medium yielded 1.53 kg of dried biomass, with a lipid content of 1.91% and a biodiesel yield of 1.65%. The predominant fatty acid in this biodiesel was heneicosane, constituting 26.4% of the total area.

Alternative splicing is a complex process that contributes to the generation of diverse mRNA and protein isoforms, including in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis). Despite their importance, many functions of alternative splicing genes remain poorly characterized. This study aims to investigate splicing variants of gene encoding Heading date 3a in E. guineensis (EgHd3a) using the GenBank database and ClustalW algorithm. To ensure the data accuracy and reliability of design isoform‐ specific primers, special emphasis is given to primer design techniques and validation using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and quantitative real‐time (qRT)‐PCR analysis. The designed primers demonstrated high specificity and discrimination between mRNA specimens. Nucleotide variations at the 3’‐end influenced the specificity of primers with the addition of GC composition. Furthermore, qRT‐PCR analysis revealed a strong correlation between Ct values and gene concentration for the isoforms which indicates a reliable amplification of EgHd3a. Although two isoforms, Hd3a‐X2 and Hd3a‐X3, showed slightly higher than acceptable PCR efficiency values, caution is advised to prevent non‐specific amplification. Despite the challenge posed by the limitation of primer positioning due to alternative splicing, the chosen primer proved optimal for analysis. This study highlights the importance of considering alternative splicing in gene quantification experiments and provides insights into the critical steps, methods, and quality control measures necessary for accurately detecting alternative splicing events, contributing to understanding this complex biological process.