Soaring temperatures, as a result of climate change, is impacting all beings across the globe. This has led to multiple illnesses and emergency room visits, during extreme temperatures, especially summers. The most vulnerable to scorching heat are infants, children and adolescents along with the elderly. Heat-related illnesses (HRIs) may range from minor forms, such as prickly heat, to severe, life-threatening conditions such as heatstroke. Pediatricians need to be aware of the varying physiologies and behaviors the children might present as a result of HRI and predisposing factors that may put them further at risk. Although the pathophysiology of HRI is understood, the scope of pharmacotherapy to treat them is limited. Currently, prevention is the best course of action against HRIs. Thus, the escalating average temperatures and challenges, posed by climate change, demand a review of the existing preventive and treatment strategies for HRIs. This article hence, attempts to compile the different kinds of HRIs along with their pathophysiology, causes, and detection and how they can be prevented and treated among children.

Heiner Syndrome is an unusual form of pulmonary hemosiderosis mostly caused by cow milk. It presents as iron deficiency anemia,and hypoproteinemia. This clinical case describes a female infant with failure to thrive presenting with cough, low grade fever , fastbreathing with refusal to feed. On examination severe anemia with congestive cardiac failure was found, the cause of which wa sevaluated. Chest X ray showed bilateral fluffy infiltrates mimicking pneumonia. Investigations revealed microcytic hypochromicanemia with normal corrected reticulocyte count. Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) was diagnosed. However, the etiology of bilater alfluffy lung infiltrates could not be established in this child. Hence Broncho Alveolar Lavage (BAL) for hemosiderin ladenmacrophages and immunoglobulin for cow milk precipitin was done to establish the diagnosis.

Background: Thalassemia is a public health problem worldwide. With the high disease burden of thalassemia, low socioeconomic conditions and poor preventive strategies, our patients are left with no other option except the repeated blood transfusion. So prevention is the only tool to reduce the burden of this disease. This study was done to identify the gap in knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) about β-thalassemia among the parents of beta thalassemia children. So that it will be helpful to reduce the burden of the disease in the society in the near future. Objectives: To assess the Knowledge (K), attitude (A) and practices (P) among parents with beta thalassemia major children regarding beta thalassemia major disease. Materials and Methods: A semi structured pre-validated questionnaire designed to assess the Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices in relation to beta thalassemia major disease was administered to all the parents fulfilling the inclusion criteria. Collected data was analysed. Results: In this study, None of the participants had knowledge about thalassemia before their first child was born. In this study, 76.9% study subjects knew and understood the genetic nature of Thalassemia. In our study, about 75.4% participants didn’t know about premarital screening and 50.8% didn’t know about prenatal diagnosis. About 18.5% of them are practising chorionic villous sampling test. Only 60.0% of them got other siblings of the thalassemia children screened for thalassemia. Only 43.1% received genetic counselling about thalassemia major. Conclusion: It was seen from our study that parents don’t have adequate knowledge, positive attitude and practice on thalassemia major. Health education and periodic counselling of parents and care takers about prevention of thalassemia needs to be implemented at every thalassemia day care centre.

Haemophilia A is a genetic disorder characterized by the absence or reduced activity of factor VIII (FVIII), a crucial protein for blood clotting. The severity of Haemophilia A is directly related to the level of FVIII activity in the blood. The conventional one-stage clotting assay is the most commonly used diagnostic tool due to its simplicity and widespread availability. However, in cases of mild or moderate Haemophilia A, there can be significant disparities between results obtained from one-stage and two-stage assays. These discrepancies can result in normal FVIII levels being reported by the one-stage assay, potentially leading to a missed diagnosis or underestimation of the patient's bleeding risk. We present a case of a 18-year-old male diagnosed with severe Haemophilia A. The patient’s medical history included multiple severe bleeding episodes, including spontaneous haemarthrosis and prolonged bleeding following minor injuries. Despite these symptoms, the initial diagnostic approach using the one-stage assay suggested normal FVIII activity, which could have led to inadequate treatment and management strategies. Findings in Chromogenic Assay were crucial in correctly identifying the severe nature of the disorder, thus underscoring the importance of using multiple diagnostic tools to confirm FVIII activity levels. This case highlights the role of the chromogenic assay in the accurate diagnosis of Haemophilia A, particularly in patients where clinical symptoms do not match with one-stage assay results. This case emphasizes the need for heightened awareness among clinicians regarding the limitations of the one-stage assay and the benefits of incorporating the chromogenic assay into routine diagnostic practice for Haemophilia A.

Background: Unintentional Injuries in childhood can have long-term and short-term impacts on the child and family. As their nature is to be curious about their environment, children tend to have falls and accidents. Parents, being the main caregivers, are responsible for their physical safety. From a research point of view, in a low economic setting such as India, there is knowledge of the prevalence and type of injuries but not the parental perspective. This study attempts to understand the knowledge, perception, and attitude of parents toward the risks of unintentional injuries. Methodology: 191 mothers and 149 fathers completed a survey questionnaire; followed by a demographic and percentage analysis. Results: The current study found that the majority of fathers and mothers agree on similar components of Knowledge and Attitude. However, there was a significant difference in the perception of risk and hazard concerning the severity. Conclusion: This forms the basis for outlining customized programs to equip parents in assisting with the safety aspect of their children. The strengths and limitations are mentioned. The findings have domestic, social, and healthcare policy-level implications.

The panniculitides include a group of heterogeneous disorders of varied aetiology that manifest as inflamed nodules in the subcuta-neous tissue. Few forms of panniculitis namely subcutaneous fat necrosis exclusively affects newborns whereas other types affects adults and paediatric group equally. These lesions may appear secondary to some systemic illness or following external insult. We report a child presenting with panniculitis lesion involving all the digits of his hands following exposure to cold.