This study included the effect of thermal neutron radiation and partial replacement of selenium with lead for S70Se30-xPbx alloy samples with different lead concentrations (x = 0 and 5) prepared by the melting point technique. The samples were examined before and after thermal neutron irradiation for seven days with Am241−Be9 radioactive source, with a radiation dose of . Continuous electrical conductivity analysis revealed changes in all samples, attributed to the rearrangement of the crystal structure caused by radiation-induced disturbances. These changes led to modifications in the electrical properties of the irradiated samples compared to the non-irradiated ones. compared to the non-irradiated ones. Three different conduction mechanisms were found. At low temperatures, the electron transition occurred via electron hopping between localized states close to the Fermi energy. At intermediate temperatures, the conduction occurred via electron hopping between localized levels between the tails of the conduction and valence bands. The electrons moved through extended levels within the two bands at high temperatures. The results indicated that the calculated densities of extended, localized, and Fermi-level states underwent significant changes due to thermal neutron radiation and partial substitution

Drought stress resulting from the depletion of available water in the soil leads to disturbances in the plant's metabolic processes, reducing productivity due to its decreased ability to absorb water and essential nutrients. This study aimed to evaluate the interactive effects of three bread wheat varieties (Adna 99, Bohooth 22, and Wafia), three drought stress levels (25% control, 50%, and 75% depletion of available water), and foliar application of micronutrients(control) iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and manganese (mn) at 100 mg L-¹) and no spraying on agro-biochemical characteristics. The experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The results showed that as drought conditions got worse, from 25% to 75%, the antioxidant activity increased a lot, with superoxide dismutase (SOD) going up by 138.44%, catalase (CAT) by 81.40%, α-tocopherol by 9.88%, and glycine betaine by 11.55%. On the other hand, important factors for crop yield went down during severe drought, with the number of spikes dropping by 23%, grain yield by 20.77%, weight of a thousand grains by 9.25%, biological yield by 11.53%, and harvest index by 16.33%. Among the genotypes tested, Adna 99 performed the best under severe drought when foliar micronutrients were applied, followed by Bohooth 22, while Wafia was very sensitive to both drought and lack of micronutrients. These results suggest that using foliar micronutrients along with drought-resistant genotypes could be an effective way to improve wheat production when water is scarce. Future research should focus on the molecular validation of antioxidant-related gene expression involved in drought tolerance mechanisms.

A low-cost thermal evaporation deposition technique has been used for the preparation of Cu2Se thin films on glass substrates at RT with a thickness of 500 nm. Structural and optical properties of these films were investigated. Structural characterization of the films was done using X-ray diffraction XRD analyses, atomic force microscopy AFM was used for the morphological characterization of the film samples, and UV-Vis spectroscopy was also used for the characterization of the samples. The films have been treated at different temperatures (403, 453 &503) K for 1 hour. X-ray diffraction (XRD-with wavelength 1.54 A) study of these films suggests a cubic structure and has prominent (220) orientation. And AFM analysis, it is evident that Cu2se films are polycrystalline, and that crystallite size and average grain size for films after annealing were increasing. The optical absorption coefficient (α) of the films was determined from absorbance spectra in the range of wavelengths (400-1100) nm. The deposited films showed transmittance (∼18%) and a direct band gap of about 2.2 eV. The structure and the optical properties of the films may find practical applications in the field of renewable energy

Diffractive lenses form images based on the principle of light diffraction, unlike conventional lenses that rely on the phenomenon of refraction to form images. Diffractive lenses consist of precisely aligned structures of holes or slits that act as optical gratings. They are arranged to give the lens the optical property of changing the path of incident rays, creating an image pattern similar to that of conventional lenses. This work aims to study the image characteristics formed by diffractive lenses by conducting a computer simulation in the Zemax optical design software. The analysis tools available in the software are then used to study the quality of the resulting image and evaluate the performance of the diffractive lens. The results show that the image characteristics formed by diffractive lenses are similar to those of conventional lenses. These results indicate the image-forming performance of diffractive lenses. This gives designers flexibility in lens design, in terms of the type and number of slits used without the use of spherical surfaces

In this paper, orthogonal polynomials and their operational matrices will be utilized to address the initial and boundary value problems of the one-dimensional wave problem, where the domain of the space variable is bounded, which covers a variety of scientific and engineering operations. Six types of orthogonal polynomials, Include instead of such as the Genocchi, Bernoulli, Legendre, Boubaker, Chebyshev and Standard polynomials. The linear problem with its initial and boundary conditions are transformed to a linear algebraic equations, which can then be solved by utilizing to get an approximate solution for this problem. Some test problems related to the one-dimensional wave equation with different conditions are discussed and solved to show how reliable and efficient the proposed methods. The error norm and the mean square error , were computed; these are presented through analytical tables and graphics showing the rapid convergence for these methods.

Using SHA256 in the Blockchain system for security purposes, as it is important in linking blocks and preventing tampering efficiently and securely. In order to further confirm the security of SHA256 and protect it and increase its susceptibility to resist threats that it is exposed to in one way or another, its algorithm was developed by utilizing the modified skew tent map (MSTM). The developed SHA256 algorithm (D-SHA256) is distinguished by two essential features: less time and more enhanced security than its predecessor SHA256. This distinction arises from the strongly chaotic behavior and the highly randomness properties of the MSTM. Moreover, the proposed D-SHA256 algorithm consist of 32 rounds while preserving the randomness properties of the compression function by combining 48 hash constants and 48 words with the MSTM to obtain high randomness with less rounds. D-SHA256 guarantees that in the event of small changes that may occur in the input message leading to large changes in the output hash digest, while confirming the preservation of the properties of the cryptographic hash, containing collision resistance and ideal confusion and diffusion. The proposed algorithm was compared with SHA256 and other current hash algorithms, the results showed that D-SHA256 has increased collision resistance, higher output randomness, better cryptographic hashing properties, and lower execution time

In the context of increasing the use of nanometals in electrical and electronic applications and improving their unique electrical properties, this research explains the effect of the mechanisms of scattering of phonons at room-temperature (293K) in addition to the scattering and reflection of electrons at the surface and at grain boundary on the electrical resistivity of Tungsten metal at different thicknesses. The electrical resistivity of Tungsten was obtained by solving the Boltzmann transport equation which the electron scattering coefficient at the surface (p) is calculated by the Fuch-Sondheimer model, and the grain boundary reflection coefficient (R) by the Mayadas-Shatzkes model were calculated as (p=0.89) and (R=0.18) for Tungsten metal based on the mean of the free path of the electrons. The results showed that there is a linear relationship between the mechanisms of scattering and resistivity, and an inverse relation between electrical resistivity (ρ) and the thickness of the nanometal (d) and extending to a large range of thicknesses. Moreover, the defects of the crystal lattice and the roughness of the surface have an evident impact on the electrical properties of Tungsten metal. In addition, we obtained an excellent consistency between experimental data and theoretical results of electrical resistivity. These results provide important predictions for the use of nano-Tungsten as an interconnection between micro integrated electronic circuits and in various electrical devices

The family of zinc-dependent endopeptidases known as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) has been linked to both healthy and unhealthy kidney physiology. Members of the MMP family known as gelatinases (MMP-2, MMP-9) are essential for the degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM). This effect plays a significant role in the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD).and as an indicator of chronic renal failure (CRF), which is a permanent loss of kidney function that occurs when the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) falls below 60 ml/min/1.73 m² for more than 3 months. The presented study was established to investigate the MMP-2 and -9 concentrations in the urine and serum among Iraqi patients with CRF undergoing regular weekly dialysis at the Hamida Al-Misfaa dialysis center of Al-Kadhimiyah Educational Hospital as well as the dialysis center of AL Yarmouk Hospital in Baghdad between November 2022 and January 2023. Detection was done using the sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique. The results indicated that MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression levels in both serum and urine were considerably higher in-patient groups compared to healthy individuals

This study explores the nuclear properties of even-numbered molybdenum () isotopes in the mass range 86 to 100. It focuses on the calculations of fundamental nuclear properties such as distortion coefficients ( and ), electric quadrupole moments (Q₀), root-mean-square charge radii, and reduced transition probabilities B(E2)↑. These calculations were derived using a theoretical framework based on the distorted shell model and implemented in MATLAB. The evaluation also included the identification of the two quasi-nuclear shape axes (major and minor), from which three-dimensional representations of the isotopic shapes were generated.The analysis revealed a gradual decrease in distortion coefficients and transition probabilities with increasing mass number, indicating a trend toward nuclear stability. We observed a significant decrease in distortion near the magic number of neutrons, demonstrating the enhanced stability resulting from closed shells. The results are in good agreement with theoretical predictions and experimental data, providing a deeper understanding of the behavior of molybdenum isotopes and contributing to the expansion of knowledge of nuclear shape evolution, charge distribution, and nuclear transitions in intermediate-mass nuclei.

Let be an upper triangular operator matrix which is unbounded and defined on , where is infinite dimensional Hilbert space. This paper is concerned with new spectral properties which defined to other bounded operators. Some sufficient and necessary conditions are given in which these properties are equivalent. We further investigate the relations among Weyl’s type theorems and Brodwe’s theorems for this type of operator under some conditions. As an application the paper define the plate pending problem equation with henge end, fixed end and free end, after transform it to Hamitonian matrix then calculate the spectrum sets for this matrix which leads to if A has eigenvalues of finite multiplicity, so is M. Inaddition if has finite ascent this implies that the Hamiltonian operator M has finite ascent