Metaphor is not only a rhetorical device, but also pervades our ordinary conceptual system. Due to the abstract and complex nature of climate change issues, metaphors can be found everywhere in such reports. Since the essence of metaphor is understanding and experiencing the abstract in terms of the concrete, analyzing metaphors is to deepen the understanding of the concepts and ideologies behind climate discourse. Based on Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) and Critical Metaphor Analysis (CMA), this paper adopts a combined approach of corpus and Metaphor Identification Procedure (MIP) to analyze the metaphors in <i>China Daily</i>’s climate change discourse and the images of China constructed by these metaphors. On the one hand, it is found that there are eight types of metaphors in total, among which four types: the struggle metaphor, the journey metaphor, the competition metaphor and the war metaphor dominate. One the other hand, these metaphors shape the national image of China as a fighter, a leader and a collaborator in the combat against climate change. By exploring the national images of China constructed through metaphors in climate discourse in <i>China Daily</i>, this paper aims to expand the areas of application of Critical Metaphor Analysis, while providing new perspectives and methods for the study of national image construction.

This research aims to analyze the regulatory implications and institutional complexities of dormant account blocking policies implemented by Indonesia's Financial Intelligence Unit (Pusat Pelaporan dan Analisis Transaksi Keuangan - PPATK) within the Indonesian banking system, focusing on regulatory harmonization, institutional coordination, and the balance between anti-money laundering enforcement effectiveness and customers' fundamental rights protection. This study employs a normative juridical method with conceptual and comparative approaches toward international regulatory frameworks. Primary data comprises anti-money laundering legislation, banking regulations, and consumer protection laws. Secondary data was collected through systematic literature studies of 50 academic publications from the 2022-2025 period indexed in Scopus Q1-Q3 and Web of Science, alongside analysis of international regulatory practices, Master’s Thesis and Doctor Philoshopy. Data analysis was conducted qualitatively using legal interpretation techniques and gap analysis between normative provisions and practical implementation. Research findings reveal five primary regulatory problems: (1) absence of firm legal definitions regarding dormant accounts in Indonesia's regulatory framework; (2) authority imbalance between PPATK under Law No. 8 of 2010 and procedural due process principles; (3) coordination disharmony among supervisory institutions (PPATK, Financial Services Authority, and Bank Indonesia) creating regulatory overlap; (4) regulatory impacts on financial inclusion and banking service accessibility; and (5) urgent need for regulatory frameworks integrating financial privacy protection under Law No. 27 of 2022.. This research provides theoretical contributions to banking law dogmatics development regarding balanced regulatory approaches between financial supervision functions and consumer protection. Practically, these findings serve as blueprints for responsive regulatory reform integrating anti-money laundering effectiveness with strengthened procedural safeguards, graduated response system implementation, and development of harmonious institutional coordination mechanisms.

Rural women have traditionally played a vital role in sustaining households and communities; however, their entrepreneurial contributions are frequently undervalued in development discourse. This study examines the influence on sustainable development of small business entrepreneurship among rural women in Mazu Village, Bangladesh. A mixed-method approach was used in 2025 to collect primary data, including household surveys, semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions with women-entrepreneurs. The study’s aim is to explore how rural women's entrepreneurial activities contribute to sustainable development and outline the key challenges they face in expanding their businesses and achieving economic empowerment. Important insights from the study are that women are increasingly participating in microenterprises, including handicrafts, food processing and small-scale trades while maintaining social integrity and supporting environmental stewardship. These activities contribute to enhancing household income, reducing poverty and empowering women-workers. In this way, women not only improve family welfare but also strengthen community resilience. Nevertheless, women entrepreneurs continue to encounter challenges, including limited access to credit facilities, inadequate training and cultural constraints that limit their opportunities and business development. This study demonstrates the alignment of female entrepreneurship with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly gender equality (SDG 5), decent work and economic growth (SDG 8) and poverty reduction (SDG 1). The research conducted in Mazu Village highlights the importance of policy interventions, skills development programs and inclusive financial mechanisms for expanding women’s entrepreneurial opportunities. This case study is also indicative of similar opportunities in other settings within rural Bangladesh where women can facilitate better quality of life. Bangladesh can achieve sustainable and inclusive development by empowering rural women through small-business initiatives.

The rapid rise of short video platforms such as Douyin, Kuaishou, and Bilibili has transformed patriotic communication in China, particularly among Generation Z. While these platforms have been widely adopted for civic education and national identity construction, their effectiveness in multi-ethnic regions such as Guangxi remains underexplored. This study proposes and validates the DCS-CAB communication model, which integrates Digital Narrative (D), Cultural Symbols (C), and Semiotic Encoding (S) as content-side elements, and maps them onto the audience-side responses of Cognition (C), Affect (A), and Behavior (B). A mixed-methods approach was employed. First, five representative patriotic short videos—ranging from institutional productions to user-generated content—were analyzed to trace distinct DCS→CAB pathways. Second, a large-scale survey involving 500 respondents from Guangxi’s ethnically diverse border regions was conducted to quantitatively validate the model. The questionnaire measured audience cognition (e.g., content understanding, knowledge gain), affect (e.g., pride, empathy, national identity), and behavior (e.g., willingness to share, discuss, or co-create patriotic videos). Findings indicate that 72% of respondents reported enhanced understanding of national achievements (Cognition), 81% felt proud when cultural elements were included (Affect), and 63% expressed willingness to share such videos (Behavior). Narrative clarity was found to strengthen cognitive engagement, cultural symbols significantly enhanced affective resonance, and hybrid strategies combining narrative and cultural elements produced stronger behavioral outcomes such as sharing and discussion. Semiotic encoding further amplified emotional immersion when aligned with local cultural preferences. By integrating qualitative case analysis with large-scale survey data, this study provides robust validation of the DCS-CAB model. By triangulating qualitative and quantitative evidence, this study demonstrates both the explanatory power and practical applicability of the DCS-CAB model.

This study aims to analyse the strategies employed by communities to build resilience in the face of climate variability and change in the urban commune of Diffa. This commune is affected by climatic phenomena with environmental, social and economic consequences. In order to cope with the adverse effects of these phenomena, communities that depend on agriculture and livestock farming have implemented local resilience strategies over several decades. A field survey was conducted to analyse these resilience strategies. The survey collected data on people's perceptions of the seasons, identified climate risks and impacts related to production activities, and analysed vulnerability to climate change, as well as adaptation and resilience actions and initiatives. The data were processed, analysed and synthesised to identify different trends and directions. The expected results were obtained, enabling the research questions to be answered and the objectives to be achieved. Indeed, as part of local risk management, communities have developed and implemented several strategies to respond to the impacts of climate change and ensure sufficient production. These strategies focus on environmental restoration and conservation, improving farming practices, developing irrigated crops, using improved varieties, diversifying crops and controlling crop pests. There are also actions related to livestock farming, such as storing and conserving straw, fodder and agricultural residues; introducing new resistant species; limiting herd size; and carrying out vaccination campaigns. The municipality's current situation is characterised by vulnerable households and insufficient stakeholder capacity to respond to climate challenges, hence the need to strengthen resilience.

This paper explores whether remittances from international migration alleviate or deepen nation’s poverty. The study is relevant due to ongoing concerns about migrants’ brain drains and brain gains debate. And inequality among remittances recipient households and remittances non-recipient households. Grounded in Lee’s push and pull theory, which considers poverty as a push factor and trigger migration; in return migrants contribute remittances to origin. The paper employs literature review approach also known as a ‘meta-study’. The study’s findings reveal that remittances are one of a catalyst for economic growth for nation’s poverty alleviation. However, this depends on how remittances are spent. Remittances spent on conspicuous consumption instead of investment and developmental projects deepen inequality between remittances recipient households and remittances non-recipient households. Remittances spent on developmental projects expand the economy. This leads to job creation, unemployment reduction, decreases inflation, and improve balance of payment. Further, value-chain employment is created in transport, housing, and services sectors. It enhances economic growth which improves citizens living standard. The paper argues that remittance could alleviate or deepen poverty depends on the manner it is spent. Therefore, the paper recommends massive education to create awareness about remittances spending on developmental projects instead on conspicuous consumption to spur the economy. Since, authorities cannot determine how remittance is spent by the recipients, luxury goods should ‘attract’ high taxes, which would increase state’s revenue and discouraged conspicuous consumption. And less taxes on developmental projects to encourage remittances spending on them to stimulate the economy.

This research examines the issue of administrative liability for damages caused by artificial intelligence (AI) systems in public services. It offers a legal analysis of legality and transparency in automated administrative decisions. The topic gains importance as public administrations increasingly rely on intelligent systems, raising unprecedented legal challenges particularly with respect to oversight and accountability. The study is structured into three main sections: the first outlines the theoretical framework of administrative liability and AI; the second explores the compatibility of automated decisions with the principle of legality and the scope of judicial oversight; and the third examines the components of administrative liability, supported by comparative judicial models from France, the United States, and Egypt, with an analysis of their applicability within the Omani legal context. The study concludes that administrative liability may arise from supervisory negligence or algorithmic mismanagement-even in the absence of direct technical error. It recommends the enactment of legislation to regulate the use of AI in public administration, promote algorithmic transparency, and institutionalize the principle of “meaningful human oversight” as a legal safeguard for fair accountability.

The study explores South Africa’s (SA’s), migration politics of cooperation which allows easy cross-border for immigrants to enter but later shifted to migration coercion practices. The study is relevant because of right-wing politicians, vigilantism groups and prominent personnel’s calls on SA’s government to deport immigrants. This study is triggered by sporadic xenophobic attacks on immigrants by locals which resulted to loss of lives and properties. Grounded in migration diplomacy of cooperation and coercion theory, the study adopts a literature review also known as a ‘meta study’ to explore SA’s residence immigrants. The study’s findings reveal that White skilled labours’ migration after apartheid due to first Black government’s uncertainty made SA’s authority relaxed visa requirements to attract skilled immigrants to contribute to economic development. Immigrants arrival was short-lived. Economic contractions resulted to high unemployment rates and service delivery declines affect the youth mostly lead to foreign policy shifts from migration cooperation to coercion; which triggers vigilantism groups formation where citizens chased away immigrants not to access public facilities. Right-wing politicians and prominent personnel’s in South Africa’s anti-immigrant sentiments were ‘bought’ by some citizens. This leads to immigrants’ accusation for ‘stealing’ jobs from indigenous. Many immigrants left the country to save their lives. Overall, the paper argues that despite SA’s apartheid legacy of poverty and inequality, it is nothing compared to Sub-Sahara Africa nations. South Africans enjoy social benefits and the economy is rated best on the continent. Xenophobic attacks on immigrants is due to hatred rather than economic issues. Because other SSA nations with ailing economy live in harmony with immigrants. The paper therefore recommends massive education to South Africans that immigrants are also human beings who deserve human rights and dignity everyone deserves irrespective of status. Right wing leaders should be educated to be circumspect about their utterances. The paper therefore recommends that future research should explore factors that drive migration cooperation shift to migration coercion.

This study investigates the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in enhancing spiritual resilience among youth in disaster-prone areas, focusing on the partner communities of St. Paul University Philippines (SPUP). Given the emotional and spiritual challenges faced by young individuals during calamities, the research utilized a mixed-methods design involving surveys and interviews with 200 randomly selected youth from the provinces of Cagayan and Apayao. Results indicate a high level of spiritual engagement and strong coping strategies among the youth yet reveal only a moderate extent of AI-supported resource utilization. To address this gap, the study introduced the AI-Enhanced Spiritual Resilience (AI-ESR) Framework, which encompasses three key dimensions: Faith Anchors (AI-facilitated prayer and reflection tools), Sacred Havens (digital platforms for communal worship and pastoral counseling), and Empowerment Tools (AI applications for scripture study, ethical discernment, and mental well-being). These components are designed to uphold theological integrity while promoting relational authenticity in virtual faith environments. The study concludes that AI, when guided by sound theological and pastoral principles, can meaningfully support traditional spiritual care. It offers youth accessible and adaptive avenues to deepen their faith and resilience, especially in moments of crisis and uncertainty brought about by disasters.

Since the nascent stage of French hip-hop music, Gangsta-style rappers have emphasised their toughness and hypermasculinity by producing videos in disenfranchised areas in France. These types of self-characterisations in French rap play a vital role in reinforcing an artist’s reputational strength and are a method for establishing their personally styled brand. The interplay that connects a community with hip-hop constitutes two essential frameworks that shape and facilitate the Alpha Male viewpoint of many global rap artists. In recent years, several of the most popular French hardcore rappers are abandoning their longstanding rubric of filming in socio-economically challenged areas of France by travelling to locations overseas where they can create new narratives of auto-fortitude. By choosing to produce videos in faraway global locales, French hip-hop artists are realising the visual power that these foreign locations enable them in terms of re-branding their reputations. This is particularly true when rap consumers can associate or stereotype certain international locations with crime and deviance. In this sense, Brazil and Colombia have become favoured destinations for the production of music videos. Videoclips filmed in these two countries feature thematic cynosures of vice where rappers can position themselves as kingpins. These presentations are intentionally produced in zones that viewers might recognise from newsclips, programmes, or popular films. Socio-economically challenged places like the comunas of Medellín and Rio de Janeiro’s favelas give French hip-hop artists new stylistic techniques to bolster their self-narratives. This enables them to exude toughness in manners not available to them at home, such as cosplaying real-life gangsters and flaunting firearms in videos. This study deconstructs hypermasculine demonstrations as exhibited in several commercially popular music French hip-hop videos that were produced in Brazil and Colombia by examining the reasonings and contrasts of these narratives. For the hardcore rappers who produce content overseas, the choice to create videoclips in disenfranchised areas in those countries is fully intentional. The more an artist embraces a stereotypically provocative visual image with which viewers can identity based on these locations, the more fortuitous they seem, even when these same filmic destinations are negatively fetishised or misrepresented in the process. As hypermasculinity and male posturing continue to be an important components in hip-hop, it is likely that rappers from France will increasingly choose global locations where they will have the ability to bolster their self-narratives of virility in outrageously fictitious manners.