Background and Objectives: The stress related to Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can be a risk factor for other psychological disorders in society. The present study aims to investigate the role of spiritual capital and mindfulness in predicting COVID-19-related stress in college students. Methods: This is a descriptive-correlational study. The study population consist of all male and female students of Farhangian University in Birjand, Iran during 2021-2022. Of these, 242 eligible students were selected using a web-based non-probabilistic sampling method. They completed the Spiritual Capital Scale of Golparvar et al. (2015), the Southampton Mindfulness Questionnaire of Chadwick et al. (2008), and the Corona Stress Scale of Salimi (2015). For data analysis, Pearson’s correlation test and multiple regression analysis were used in SPSS software, version 22. The significance level was set at 0.05. Results: The relationship between spiritual capital and COVID-19-related stress (r=-0.585, P<0.01), and between mindfulness and COVID-19-related stress (r=-0.4569, P<0.01) was negative and significant. The spiritual capital explained 34.2% of the variance and the mindfulness explained 19.9% of the variance in COVID-19-related stress. Conclusion: Spiritual capital and mindfulness can predict the COVID-19-related stress among college students. This indicates the need for planning to improve individual, social, and spiritual abilities of students during the pandemic.

With the institutionalization of tolerance in the health system, the level of intimacy increases, and the possibility of benefiting more than the company of patients and their companions are provided. Tolerance reduces the number of damages by improving the level of security and improves the health level by facilitating the achievement of goals. To achieve the above positive points, it seems necessary to have a written program in this field, especially considering the cultural and religious characteristics of Iran.

Background and Objectives: Spiritual intelligence (SI) is a combination of many factors such as the capacity for transcendence, transcendental awareness, recognition of spiritual beings, and the use of spiritual resources to solve problems. This study aims to determine the SI of students in Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences (KUMS) and its relationship with demographic and educational factors. Methods: This descriptive-analytical study that was conducted on 318 students of KUMS in Kermanshah, Iran in 2017 who were selected using a random sampling method. The data were collected using a self-report questionnaire. Data were analyzed in SPSS software, version 16. Results: The Mean±SD of SI was 102.53±22.53. The students obtained 70.7% of the maximum obtainable score for SI. In overall, 75 students (25.3%) had low SI, 213(72%) had moderate SI, and 8(2.7%) had high SI. Older age had a significant relationship with SI (P=0.033). Conclusion: Most of students in KUMS have moderate SI. It can be improved by educational interventions.

Background and Objectives: Patients have certain rights that are expected to be observed and respected by healthcare providers. These rights include universal as well as local rights determined by the social and cultural context of any society. Patient’s rights consist of statements issued to declare the duties of the health providers pertaining to patients. There are charters of patient rights in different countries including Iran. However, it seems necessary to investigate more exactly the patient rights in accordance with the Islamic perspective as the fundamental value system of the country. This study was conducted to explore and explain the patient’s rights from the clerics’ point of view. Methods: This was a conventional qualitative content analysis study. The participants were 20 clerics living in Qom selected through purposeful sampling, who met the inclusion criteria and could provide their understanding of the patient’s rights in the context of Islam. Deep semi-structured interviews were conducted. The interviews were coded and categorized through qualitative content analysis. Results: This study led to the identification of four themes as the main features of patient’s rights from the clerics’ point of view including respect for patient autonomy, considering non-physical needs of patients, high-quality healthcare, and moral conduct. Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, patient rights from the viewpoint of the clerics includes besides attending other needs of patients, their spiritual needs that should be addressed by healthcare providers.

Background and Objectives: Spiritual well-being is very important in adaptation and peace of mind, especially in certain periods of life. Middle age is associated with many biological, psychological, and social changes and problems such depression and hopelessness. This study aims to investigate the relationship between spiritual well-being, depression, and hope in middleaged women in Qom, Iran. Methods: This is a descriptive-analytical study with cross-sectional design that was conducted on 100 middle-aged women referred to community health centers in Qom city, who were selected by a convenience sampling method. Data were collected by three questionnaires including Paloutzian and Ellison’s spiritual well-being scale (SWBS), Beck’ depression inventory (BDI), adult hope scale (AHS), which were completed through interview. Data were analyzed in SPSS version 21 software using regression analysis. Results: The Mean±SD total scores of SWBS, BDI, and AHS were 73.43±1.25, 31.10±0.91, and 16.26±0.34, respectively. There was a significant relationship between spiritual well-being and depression and between spiritual health and hope (P≤0.001). Moreover, spiritual well-being and hope had a significant relationship with depression (P≤0.001). Conclusion: Middle-aged women with high spiritual well-being have less depression and more hope. It is recommended to pay more attention to spiritual well-being of these women to maintain their mental health and increase their hope.

Background and Objectives: The three main elements of the home, study environment, and mass media have a fundamental role in the tendency and attitude of adolescents and young people to pray. This study was conducted to determine students’ attitudes toward prayer, the causes of their tendency toward it, and its impact on various aspects of their lives. Methods: This descriptive study was performed among 192 students of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan City, Iran. Data were collected by a researcher-made questionnaire through the press line system. Data were analyzed by SPSS software, version 18 using an independent t-test and One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) at a significance level of less than 0.05. Results: A total of 60.9% of students reported that they perform daily prayers. The Mean±SD score of students’ attitude about praying is 121.99±199.97 out of 165. A significant correlation was observed between the mean score of attitude and behavior. A significant relationship was also found between the mean score of students’ attitudes and the variables of father’s education, father’s and mother’s occupation (P<0.05). The students believed that prayer brings peace and vitality to the soul, order and discipline in life, good mood, family unity, and reduced anxiety and stress. Conclusion: Considering the role and impact of family and university environment on students’ prayer and students’ beliefs on the impact of prayer on various life issues, paying attention to the results of this type of research to institutionalize prayer among students can be useful.

Background and Objectives: People are always looking for new ways to achieve a good and healthy life. They associate such a life with wellbeing and happiness. The World Health Organization defines health as a form of wellbeing, in which each person identifies his or her abilities and plays a role in society effectively. Many studies have shown the correlation between moral virtues and psychological wellbeing. This research aims to study the role of militancy/ peacefulness morality in predicting psychological wellbeing among university students. Methods: This research was a correlational study. The sample size was calculated based on Kline guideline. We included in our study 530 (226 males and 304 females) undergraduate students in humanities, engineering, basic sciences, art, and architecture. They were selected by random cluster sampling method from different faculties of Shiraz University, Shiraz City, Iran, from January to September 2019. Then, they responded to Ryff’s psychological wellbeing scale and researcher-made militancy/peacefulness scale. The obtained data were analyzed using structural equation modeling in AMOS software. Results: Their Mean±SD total scores of wellbeing and militancy were 21.62±4.54 and 52.75±10.15, respectively. The results of analytical statistics showed that militancy/peacefulness (such as hatred, mischief, slander, and stupidity) is a negative predictor of psychological wellbeing. The obtained results of this analysis also showed that the final model of the study has good fitness. Conclusion: Considering the findings of this study, we recommend teaching peaceful behaviors in universities by using educational workshops in the field of moral virtue.

Background and Objectives: In the past few decades, spiritual health, as one of the dimensions of health besides physical, mental, and social health, has drawn the attention of psychologists and mental health professionals more than ever. However, there is a research gap in our country, so the primary purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between spiritual health and school burnout with the mediating role of social support. Methods: This descriptive correlational research used the path analysis method. The statistical population comprised all sixth-grade female students (600 people) in Rudbar City, Iran, in the academic year 2020-2021. The sample size is calculated with the Morgan table (234 people). The samples were recruited by a simple random sampling method, and the research tools were the related questionnaire. The content validity and reliability of this research were confirmed. The tests were analyzed according to the research questions by path analysis, the Pearson correlation coefficient, and the 1-sample t test. The obtained data were analyzed in SPSS v. 26 software and LISREL software v. 8.8. Results: There is a significant relationship between spiritual health and school burnout (P=0.01). Also, there is a significant relationship between spiritual health and social support (P=0.01). The t values obtained from the studied paths have P-values less than 0.05, so the indirect effects were statistically significant. So, social support has had an indirect impact on spiritual health and academic burnout. Conclusion: One of the influential factors in reducing school burnout and increasing spiritual health is the social support perceived by students.

Background and Objectives: Spirituality and psychological interventions are effective in promoting mental health and treating patients undergoing hemodialysis. The present study seeks to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment based on acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) before dialysis, with and without mindfulness exercises during dialysis, on the spiritual health of these patients. Methods: The research design was quasi-experimental with a control group (two experimental groups and one control group) and a two-month follow-up. The study population included all patients on hemodialysis referring to hospitals affiliated to Imam Zaman Hospital in Mashhad City, Iran, from July to December 2020. A total of 60 patients were selected by a purposive sampling method based on the inclusion criteria. Then, they were randomly divided into three groups. The research instrument included a spiritual health questionnaire, and data analysis was performed by repeated-measures analysis of variance. Results: The results showed that both experimental groups of ACT before dialysis (P<0.001), with or without mindfulness plus exercises during dialysis (P=0.004), were effective on spiritual health in patients on hemodialysis. Conclusion: ACT alone as an effective intervention can be used in medical centers to increase the spiritual health of patients on hemodialysis.

ndividuals encounter unprecedented critical conditions globally. The Coro navirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread worldwide [1]. In addition to biopsychological health, this crisis has affected other areas of human life, like the spiritual health of individuals [2]. This issue can be of great importance because spiritual issues are closely related to general health, and especially mental health among individuals [3]. In Iran, >99% of the population is Muslim; thus, spiritual and religious is sues overlap and greatly interact [4]. Spirituality is the search to find the greatest meaning in life and closeness to the source of existence [5]. Religion structures such a search by drawing the place of religious authorities, shaping social networks, certain customs, valuing works, encouraging collective participation, and so on [6]. Due to this overlap, damaging these structures during the CO VID-19 pandemic may create a kind of spiritual crisis. How did the coronavirus create a spiritual crisis? Some aspects of this crisis include the following: 1. We can consider religious spirituality in the Iranian society as hierarchical; with important holy places and houses of religious leaders at the top; and religious pub lic meetings at the bottom, as well as mosques and Hus seiniyahs1 in the middle. All of them were closed and physical access to them had become impossible during 1. A mosque-like place used for religious meetings and religious rituals public quarantine. These include the places where some Muslims used to visit to strengthen their inner spiritual resources and release daily psychological stress. 2. In Iranian culture, individuals have a very close rela tionship with religious authorities (clerics). Accordingly, in religious affairs and some social issues, and even some daily affairs, the intellectual policy of the society is deter mined by religious leaders. Numerous religious leaders are elderly and among the high-risk group of COVID-19; therefore, this relationship was challenged by the COV ID-19 pandemic and reduced biosocial relationships. 3. The potential of religious communities and psycho social support to each other in reducing psychological stress and preventing mental disorders has been empha sized in various studies [7]. Islamic teachings also place great emphasis on community and participation among religious brothers, while these communities were also banned under quarantine due to illness