Background and Objectives: Religious adherence, or being religious, refers to the degree of belief or commitment to the beliefs and practices of a systematic religion, which can help improve people’s mental health in various fields. This research was conducted to determine the mediating role of psychological and spiritual transformation in the relationship between religious adherence and mental health. Methods: This is descriptive-analytical research of the structural equation type. The statistical population included 300 students who were selected using a multi-stage cluster sampling method among the universities of Qom City, Iran. To measure the variables, the psycho-spiritual transformation scale, the general health questionnaire (GHQ), and the religious adherence questionnaire (RAQ) were used. Results: The correlation between religious adherence and mental health variables was found to be 0.463, with a significance level of 0.01. Also, structural equations were used to determine the mediating role of psychological and spiritual transformation in the relationship between religious adherence and mental health. The results showed that the standardized factor loading of the religious adherence component was 0.42, and the beta value of this component was 0.17. Also, the level of psychological and spiritual transformation was 0.69 (P=0.01). Based on these findings, the variable of psycho-spiritual development level predicts 69% of the relationship between religious adherence and mental health. Conclusion: The results showed that religious adherence can have either an increasing or decreasing effect on mental health, depending on the mediating role of psychological and spiritual transformation. Therefore, the impact of the relationship between religious adherence and mental health varies according to the level of psychological-spiritual transformation in individuals. The findings suggest that the higher the level of psychological-spiritual transformation, the greater the mental health experienced by individuals.

Background and Objectives: Mothers of children with autism encounter numerous challenges that can greatly impact their caregiving responsibilities. However, spiritual-religious well-being (SWB), being a fundamental aspect of human life, has the potential to alleviate a significant portion of this burden. This study aimed to explore the relationship between spiritual-religious components and care burden among mothers of children with autism. Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study involved 102 mothers of children with autism who sought assistance at the autism centers affiliated with the Qom University of Medical Sciences in 2022. Convenience sampling was used, and data were collected through questionnaires on demographic characteristics, SWB, and caregiving burden. Descriptive statistics and linear regression analysis were performed using SPSS software, version 22 with a significance level of 0.005. Results: The participating mothers had an average care burden score of 75.44±22.3 and a SWB score of 196.8±28.3. Linear regression analysis revealed that hope for the future and general religiosity were predictors of care burden in mothers of children with autism. Conclusion: Mothers of children with autism experience a moderate burden of care, which is influenced by their spiritual and religious well-being. Understanding the spiritual and religious components that impact the caregiving burden can assist therapists in providing solutions to reduce stress and alleviate the burden of care for these mothers.

Background and Objectives: This study determines the mediating role of psychological-spiritual transformation in the relationship between God concept and mental health. Methods: This descriptive research uses structural equations to investigate the relationship between variables regarding the mediating role of psychological-spiritual transformation. The statistical population of the research were students of the universities of Qom City, Iran. The multi-stage cluster sampling method with an estimated sample size (300 people) was used to select the study participants. To measure psychological-spiritual development, God concept, and mental health in students, psychological and spiritual development scales, a general health questionnaire by Goldberg and Hiller, and a God concept questionnaire by Janbozorgi were employed. Results: The Pearson correlation coefficient results showed that the correlation between God concept and mental health is 0.659 with a significance level of 0.01. Also, structural equations were used to determine the mediating role of psychological-spiritual development in the relationship between God concept and mental health. The results showed that the standardized factor loading of the God concept component is 0.60 and the β value of this component is 0.71. Therefore, the variable level of psychological-spiritual development predicts 69% of the relationship between God concept and mental health. Conclusion: The results indicated that God concept will have an increasing or decreasing effect on mental health according to the mediating role of mental-spiritual transformation. Therefore, the effect of the relationship between God concept and mental health is not the same considering the level of mental-spiritual development of people. The results obtained in the present study showed that a higher level of mental-spiritual development indicates higher mental health.

Background and Objectives: Spiritual health, along with mental, physical, and emotional health, is one of the four dimensions of health, which can increase the level of adaptation of teachers to life events. The present study investigates the mediating role of meaning in life in relationships of responsibility and spiritual health with prospective personalities of competent teachers. Methods: This study used a structural equation model method, and the statistical population consisted of all competent teachers in Ahvaz City, Iran, in 2023. A total of 264 participants were selected via multi-stage cluster sampling. Prospective personality, responsibility, spiritual health, and meaning in life questionnaires were used to collect the data. The data were analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistics, the Pearson correlation coefficient, and structural equation modeling. Results: Spiritual health had positive, significant relationships with prospective personality and meaning in life in competent teachers (P<0.01). Responsibility was significantly related to prospective personality and meaning in life (P<0.01). Furthermore, the relationship between meaning in life and perspective personality in teachers was significant (P<0.001). The indirect paths to perspective personality were found to become significant through meaning in life (P<0.01). Conclusion: The proposed model had a good fit and is a major step toward identifying factors affecting prospective personality in teachers.

Background and Objectives: Islam is a lifestyle consistent with world realities that guide humans through difficulties in life. Resilience has been highly recommended in religious doctrine, yet has been less explored within a comprehensive scientific model from a religious perspective. This study proposes a structure and conceptual model of resilience at the individual level based on a religious perspective. Methods: The present study was a literature review based on Islamic literature within a dynamic graphical model of a system. Firstly, by a detailed study of the theoretical literature of research and analysis of researchers’ studies in the field of resilience with a religious viewpoint, a conceptual model was designed using a system dynamic approach. Secondly, based on the conceptual model and dynamic assumptions made from the action reactions between the factors involved in the resilience system, the modeling was performed as drawing causal diagrams for resilience and its subsets using the Vensim software, version 7.3. Results: The four components of individual resilience, including belief in the wisdom and will of God, trust in God, piety, and patience as the sub-systems were all interacting with each other within a relatively complex dynamic system. Conclusion: From an Islamic perspective, for individual resilience reinforcement, it is necessary to pay serious attention to creating and strengthening the resilience subsystems in the individual.

Background and Objectives: Currently, tourism plays an important role in meeting the leisure and medical needs of the elderly. Accordingly, this study predicts the life satisfaction of elderly tourists based on spiritual experience and hope. Methods: This was a quantitative cross-sectional study. The data were collected by surveying 384 elderly people aged 60 and over in Shiraz City, Iran, in August 2023. Results: There is a significant relationship between hope and life satisfaction (P=0.000) and spiritual experience and life satisfaction of elderly tourists (P=0.000). Also, the variables of spiritual experience and hope were factors affecting the life satisfaction of elderly tourists, the correlation coefficient between these two variables was 0.783 and had a very high significance level (P=0.000). In addition, nearly 62% of the variance in life satisfaction is explained by independent variables. The results showed that the average level of life satisfaction of men is more than women and there is a significant relationship between age and life satisfaction of elderly tourists (P=0.000). Conclusion: Experience and spiritual beliefs are influential in the physical and mental health of the elderly, effectively giving peace and hope to these people. Since tourism and leisure activities can be important in improving the level of life satisfaction of the elderly and increasing their hope, they should be considered in planning and policy-making.

Background and Objectives: One of the necessities in anthropology is considering the spiritual dimension of man from the point of view of scientists and experts in the health field who define man as a biological, psychological, social, and spiritual being. This study investigates the relationship between religious attitude and psychological hardiness with the mediating role of spiritual intelligence of women living in Ardabil City, Iran. Methods: This was a descriptive and correlational study. The statistical population included women in Ardabil City, Iran. A total of 384 women were selected from the statistical population based on the Cochran formula by random sampling. The research tools were religious attitude, spiritual intelligence, and psychological hardiness questionnaire. The data were analyzed using the Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression. Results: There is a negative relationship between religious attitudes and women’s psychological hardiness. Meanwhile, there is a positive relationship between religious attitudes and the psychological hardiness of women. In addition, a positive relationship exists between one of the components of spiritual intelligence and psychological hardiness. Also, the results of the path analysis showed that worship and social issues have an indirect effect on the psychological hardiness of women by the mediating role of spiritual intelligence. Spiritual intelligence has also a direct effect on the psychological hardiness of women. Conclusion: The findings of this research emphasized the application of attitude towards religion and spiritual intelligence in the psychological hardiness of women.

Background and Objectives: Providing a clear and practical definition of advocacy would help nurse increase their involvement in advocacy and preserving the patients’ rights. This study deepens the understanding of the features of advocacy among Muslim nurses. Methods: This study was conducted using the qualitative content analysis approach. The data were gathered through conducting in-depth semi-structured interviews with a purposeful sample of 18 nurses and they were analyzed using the thematic analysis approach. Results: The main characteristics of patient advocacy include protecting the religious aspect of care (avoiding treatments that are contrary to the religious beliefs of patients, and paying attention to religious issues in the care of unconscious patients), providing dignified care (being non-judgmental, providing patient comfort using methods appropriate to their religion, maintaining patients’ privacy, and respecting patient’s cultural and religious values), and giving hope to the patient (reminding patient’s sources of strength and hope, and paying attention to the patient’s concerns). Conclusion: In this study, the main characteristics of patient advocacy from the point of view of Muslim nurses have been determined. The results of this study will help Muslim nurses to understand more deeply what they should do to help their patients.

Background and Objectives: Religion and spiritual attitudes are among the important factors affecting psychological and social injuries because spirituality influences people’s attitudes, cognition, and behavior. The present study aimed to investigate the mediating role of impulsivity in the relationship between anxious attachment and religious attitude with the tendency to addiction among university students. Methods: This descriptive-correlational study employed structural equation modeling (SEM). The study population consisted of all students at the Islamic Azad University of Ahvaz, Iran, of whom 300 were selected as the sample using convenience sampling. All participants completed the addiction potential scale (APS), experiences in close relationships (ECR) scale, religious attitude scale, and Dickman impulsivity inventory (DII). The data were statistically analyzed using SEM. Results: According to the results, there was a significant relationship between anxious attachment with impulsivity (P=0.012) and the tendency to addiction (P=0.001). Moreover, there was a negative relationship between religious attitudes with impulsivity (P=0.001) and the tendency to addiction (P=0.001). There was a positive relationship between impulsivity and the tendency to addiction in the students (P=0.001). The results also showed that impulsivity mediates the relationships between anxious attachment and religious attitudes with the tendency to addiction (P=0.001). Conclusion: The results showed that the proposed model fitted the data well. Accordingly, the tendency of young people to addiction can be reduced by training families and university students in safe attachment styles, spiritual teachings, self-restraint, and control of impulses.

Background and Objectives: Forgiveness and self-compassion are essential constructs that are the opposite of high levels of anxiety and depression in older people. Their improvement can help reduce the problems of psychological symptoms in older people, therefore, this research aims to compare the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) combined with self-compassion, cognitive-motor activities, and specific cognitive-motor intervention conducted on forgiveness and self-compassion of older people. Methods: The research method was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test & post-test and follow-up design with a control group. For this purpose, a sample consisting of 42 people (21 women and 21 men) over 60 years of age living in Mashhad City, Iran in 2021 who met the inclusion criteria were selected and, after random assignment in three groups of the first experiment (combined CBT intervention self-compassion with cognitive-motor activities), the second experimental group (intervention of cognitive-motor activities) and the control group (without any intervention) and underwent interventions in 18 sessions during 9 weeks. Results: The data obtained from the questionnaires of the heartland forgiveness scale (HFS) and the self-compassion questionnaire were analyzed by the multivariate analysis of covariance method with repeated measurements, and the results showed a significant difference between the test groups and the control group, in the mean scores of forgiveness (P<0.001) and self-compassion (P<0.001) in the post-test and follow-up. Also, a significant difference was observed between the two test groups in the mean self-compassion scores in the post-test and follow-up (P<0.001). Conclusion: Undergoing 9 weeks of CBT along with self-compassion accompanied by cognitive-motor activities, as well as 9 weeks of intervention with cognitive-motor activities alone can contribute to increasing forgiveness and self-compassion in older people.