This study examines how guest houses contribute to responsible tourism development in Djerba, Tunisia. Using a qualitative research design, we conducted in-depth interviews with 30 international tourists to explore their experiences and behavioral changes during their stays. Our findings reveal that guest houses significantly influence tourists' adoption of sustainable practices through three key mechanisms: (1) the promotion of behavioral sobriety, characterized by conscious consumption patterns; (2) the facilitation of meaningful cultural exchanges between guests and local communities; and (3) the implementation of ecofriendly operational models that serve as practical examples of sustainability. The research demonstrates that these small-scale accommodations play a disproportionately large role in shaping destination-wide sustainable tourism practices, challenging conventional notions about the relative importance of different accommodation types. These insights contribute to tourism literature by providing empirical evidence of the transformative potential of alternative lodging options, while offering practical guidance for policymakers seeking to leverage community-based tourism initiatives. The study highlights the need for greater recognition of guest houses as crucial agents in sustainable tourism transitions, particularly in Mediterranean destinations facing similar developmental challenges. This study examines the contribution of guesthouses to the development of responsible tourism in Djerba, Tunisia. Using a qualitative approach, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 30 international tourists to explore their experiences and behavioral changes during their stay. The results reveal that guesthouses significantly influence tourists' adoption of sustainable practices through three key mechanisms: promoting behavioral sobriety, facilitating cultural exchanges between guests and local communities, and implementing environmentally friendly business models. The study demonstrates that these small-scale accommodations play a strategic role in developing sustainable tourism practices at the destination level, while contributing to environmental preservation, social development, and local economic growth. This research provides an in-depth analysis of how traditional guesthouses in Djerba, Tunisia serve as catalysts for responsible tourism development. The study employs a qualitative methodology based on comprehensive interviews conducted with 30 international tourists from diverse cultural backgrounds. Our investigation reveals that these small-scale accommodations play a pivotal role in shaping sustainable tourist behaviors through three interconnected mechanisms. The findings highlight those guesthouses successfully promote environmental consciousness by encouraging practices such as water conservation, energy efficiency, and waste reduction among visitors. Furthermore, they facilitate meaningful social interactions between tourists and local residents, fostering mutual understanding and respect for cultural heritage. Economically, these establishments contribute to local development by sourcing products from nearby suppliers and creating employment opportunities for community members. What distinguishes this study is its demonstration of how guesthouses induce a shift toward "behavioral sobriety" - a concept describing tourists' voluntary adoption of more mindful consumption patterns during their stay. This transformation extends beyond the duration of the visit, influencing travelers' future choices and attitudes toward sustainability. The research offers practical implications for tourism stakeholders, suggesting that supporting such accommodation models could significantly enhance destination sustainability. Policy recommendations include creating favorable conditions for guesthouse operations and integrating their best practices into regional tourism strategies. These insights are particularly valuable for Mediterranean destinations seeking to balance tourism growth with environmental and cultural preservation.

This article examines the impact of debris flow hazard resulting from glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) on the development of recreation in the Turgen River valley, located in the Ile Alatau Range (Northern Tien Shan, Kazakhstan). The study is based on a comprehensive analysis of bathymetric surveys of moraine-glacial lakes, detailed field observations, and meteorological data from 2024, which provide up-to-date insights into hydrometeorological conditions and glacial lake dynamics. The research focuses on understanding the potential triggers and consequences of GLOFs in a seismically active and climatically sensitive alpine environment. To determine the potential extent of debris flow propagation, numerical modeling was carried out using the RAMMS software (Debris Flow module), which enabled the construction of three possible breach and debris flow scenarios, taking into account valley geometry, topographic conditions, and key flow parameters such as height, velocity, and dynamic pressure. These scenarios were selected to reflect both worst-case and more probable events, allowing for a robust evaluation of hazards. A risk assessment of catastrophic debris flow occurrence and their potential impact on the region’s tourism infrastructure - such as roads, trails, visitor centers, and recreational sites - was conducted. The findings reveal specific zones of high vulnerability and inform targeted mitigation strategies. Recommendations for reducing debris flow risks and ensuring the sustainable development of tourism in mountainous regions are also proposed. The study highlights the importance of integrating scientific research, geospatial modeling, and hazard risk assessment into comprehensive natural hazard risk management practices to support safe and sustainable territorial development in high-altitude tourist destinations.

The Tungurahua Volcano Geopark (GVT), is located in the center of the Ecuadorian Andes, and comprises an area of 2,397 km2 . The name-giving Tungurahua Volcano, which is one of the most active volcanoes in Ecuador, is only one of many other volcanic complexes to be part of the GVT. All these volcanic edifices are the result of the subduction of the oceanic Nazca plate below the South American continental plate, along the active continental margin. A novel sustainability model of geoparks has been applied to the GVT, of which methods consisted of revising secondary information from documents and interviews with experts and primary data collected and validated during field trips performed in two stages, where twenty Geosites were defined. Furthermore, we structured a scientific committee of seven Universities, two NGOs and other stakeholders. Additional elements of our management and assessment included to describe the evolutionary history of this particular area since the Lower Devonian, and, to elaborate a monitoring and conservation plan that includes the placement of signage, interpretive scripts and tourist mapping. The key has been the joint work and strategic alliances based on local development axes such as geoeducation, geoconservation and geotourism focused on the Sustainable Development Goals. To present a novel sustainability model for geoparks, applied in a case study in Ecuador. Review of information and guide questionnaires that directed the interviews with experts of other geoparks. Validation of obtained data in the field. Inventories of sites where geotourism were performed. A novel sustainability model of geoparks has been applied by the described methods. A scientific committee was structured. A description of the evolutionary history of the study area is given. A monitoring and conservation plan was elaborated and presented. We reached a joint work, focused on the SDG´s. Generation of economic income, creation of strategic alliances and protection of the given heritage; Networking with Global Geoparks; recognition and conservation of geological heritage within the SDG´s. Especially the consolidation of global collaboration networks, the professionalization of staff, and the acquisition of sustainable resources are aspirations that, for the present times, may not allow to be achieved in the short or medium term due to budgetary and management constraints.

To effectively support new rural CBTs and create development plans, it is necessary to have a broad understanding of rural CBT in developing countries. This study uses Indonesia as a case study to map and analyze patterns in earlier research in order to establish a conceptual framework. The study used a qualitative content analysis methodology to find important themes and trends in Indonesia's rural CBT development by examining journal papers indexed by Scopus that were referenced by other researchers. By charting these academic works, the researchers were able to get a wider view and identify potential problems in the sector. The analysis identified five interconnected dimensions - spatial aspects, local attractions, rural capacity, economic viability, and socio-cultural components - that form the foundation of rural CBT. These dimensions are critical in building a comprehensive framework that guides development planning, stakeholder collaboration, and longterm sustainability. Findings emphasize the importance of aligning rural CBT development with the principles of the circular economy, which promote environmental stewardship, community empowerment, and sustainable resource management. The study also highlights how preserving social capital, fostering inclusiveness, and enhancing local welfare are long -term goals achievable through strategic mapping, capacity building, and equitable profit distribution. The study also emphasizes how important social media and digital platforms are in influencing public perceptions and interest in rural tourism, which has aided in the quick ascent of rural CBT organizations throughout Indonesia. It becomes clear that community involvement and government assistance are essential to turning rural regions into sustainable travel destinations. Nonetheless, it is necess ary to address enduring issues including environmental degradation, human resource problems, and infrastructure constraints. Ultimately, the study offers a rural CBT framework that can assist policymakers, tourism planners, and local stakeholders in making context-sensitive decisions. By integrating socio-spatial understanding, participatory planning, and capacity-focused strategies, stakeholders can create more resilient, inclusive, and sustainable tourism systems. This framework not only supports local livelihoods but also aligns with global Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), offering a replicable model for other developing countries seeking to implement rural CBT initiatives effectively.

Since the second half of the 20th century, major changes have occurred worldwide in the perception of sport and sports tourism. Economic development and technical progress in every field have led to the emergence of new sports, which have become particularly attractive, especially for the young population. Therefore, sports tourism is becoming one of the expanding forms of tourism, which involves a multitude of relationships between tourists engaged in different activities (physical exercise, sports competitions, adventure tourism, sports entertainment and cultural exchange activities), on the one hand, and the tourist destination, on the other. In this study, we propose an analysis of the relationships between the University Football Championship, 2023 Edition, and tourism in the host destination, Oradea Municipality. This was possible after consulting, through the survey method, the members of the football teams from eight university centers in Romania, who participated in the University Football Championship, 2023 Edition, in Oradea. The results obtained were quantified after calculating two synthetic indicators, namely: the value of the sports index, which takes into account four qualitative criteria (quality of the game, quality of interaction, quality of the result and quality of the physical environment), respectively the value of the tourist index, also related to four qualitative criteria (tourist experience, tourist satisfaction, recommendation intention and return intention). In the case of both indicators and following their correlation, high average values were recorded, which can be attributed to the exceptional playing conditions offered by the organizer - the University of Oradea, respectively to the particularly favorable perception and satisfaction gained by the participants, following visits to the tourist attractions in Oradea Municipality, which proves, without a doubt, that the settlement on the banks of the Crișul Repede is one of the favorite tourist destinations in Romania .

Education is considered as one of the key areas that directly affect the economic development of a country, as an adequate education system prepares the human capital that meets the needs of the labor market. As of now, when the process of globalization has taken a big leap forward, there is a requirement to have skilled, competent staff in the labor market. The needs of the labor market can only be answered by an adequate and contemporary education system. This paper will elaborate on the relationship between the education system and the labor market, with particular emphasis on the role of education in fulfilli ng the needs of the labor market, especially from the perspective of Kosovo. How much does Kosovo's education meet the labor market needs, not only in Kosovo, but also beyond. What are the areas in which Kosovo's education system needs to be improved in order to provide skilled employees to the labor market? The methodology used in this study involves conducting structured interviews with two main groups: employers and employees. The interviews were carried out with representatives from various sectors, both private and public, as well as from family businesses and non-profit organizations. The research was conducted in Kosovo, with a particular focus on the Dukagjini region. The main objective of this study is to analyze the phenomenon of early school leaving, the compatibility of qualifications with job positions and the challenges related to unemployment. It will also examine the impact of education and employment policies in addressing these issues, emphasizing the role of education and skills development in increasing employment opportunities. The research aims to provide recommendations for improving the connection between the education system and the needs of the labor market in Kosovo. The findings of this study are expected to shed light on the gaps between the current education system and labor market demands. By identifying these gaps, policymakers and educational institutions can work together to align curricula with market needs. Moreover, fostering partnerships between schools and employers could play a crucial role in bridging this divide. Enhancing vocational training and practical learning opportunities will be key in equipping students with job-ready skills. Ultimately, the study aims to contribute to sustainable economic growth by promoting a more responsive and inclusive education system.

The integration of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) presents a powerful framework for improving waste management practices. AHP serves as a structured decision-making tool that enables stakeholders to prioritize and evaluate various alternatives based on multiple criteria, while GIS enhances this process by providing spatial analysis capabilities that allow for the visualization and examination of geographic data. This combination is particularly relevant in the context of waste management, where decisions often involve complex trade-offs among environmental, economic, and social factors. The primary aim of this study is to investigate the synergistic integration of AHP and GIS within the realm of waste management. Specifically, the research focuses on three critical areas: assessing various waste disposal methods, selecting optimal sites for landfills, and optimizing waste collection routes. By leveraging the strengths of both methodologies, the study seeks to enhance decision-making processes in waste management. The methodology involves breaking down complex decision-making scenarios into a hierarchical structure of criteria and sub-criteria. This structured approach allows stakeholders to systematically compare different options based on a range of factors, including environmental impact, cost-effectiveness, community acceptance, and logistical feasibility. GIS complements the AHP framework by providing essential spatial data that reveals patterns and relationships in waste generation and disposal, facilitating a more comprehensive analysis. The integration of AHP and GIS empowers decision-makers to visualize the potential implications of their choices more effectively. For example, GIS can be utilized to map waste generation hotspots, identify suitable location s for waste management facilities, and analyze transportation routes for their efficiency and effectiveness. This visualization aids in understanding the spatial dynamics of waste management and supports more informed decision-making. Overall, the synergy between AHP and GIS significantly enhances the effectiveness of waste management strategies. This integrated approach not only leads to more sustainable waste management practices but also improves resource allocation and fosters better community engagement in waste management initiatives. By supporting informed, data-driven decision-making, the combination of AHP and GIS ultimately contributes to the development of more efficient and environmentally friendly waste management solutions. The findings of this study underscore the importance of utilizing advanced analytical tools in addressing the multifaceted challenges of waste management, paving the way for innovative and sustainable practices in the field.

In the face of intensifying anthropogenic pressures, rapid urban expansion, and widespread environmental degradation, the preservation of biodiversity and the implementation of sustainable land-use strategies have emerged as pressing global imperatives. This review critically examines the complex ecological challenges that arise in industrialized regions, offering insights into contemporary mechanisms of ecosystem restoration, the strategic value of recreational spaces, and the multifaceted role of protected areas (PAs) in promoting biodiversity conservation and enhancing societal well-being. Particular emphasis is placed on the ecological significance of steppe ecosystems, which constitute one of the most fragile and underrepresented biomes in global conservation discourse. Despite their ecological richness and potential for supporting rare and endemic species, steppes continue to face habitat fragmentation, overexploitation, and limited legal protection. Through a comprehensive synthesis of interdisciplinary literature, this review demonstrates that the integration of recreational and green zones into industrial a nd urban environments yields substantial ecological and social benefits. These include the recovery of native flora and fauna, the mitigation of urban heat island effects, improved air and water quality, and the promotion of physical and psychological health among local populations. Moreover, such interventions serve as platforms for fostering environmental awareness, stimulating sustainable economic activity through ecotourism, and strengthening community engagement in conservation efforts. The analysis further highlights the indispensable role of Pas – particularly in steppe and post-industrial landscapes – in preserving ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration, soil fertility, and hydrological regulation. Cross-national case studies from Kazakhstan, Germany, China, and South Korea underscore the success of integrative management approa ches that synergize scientific research, participatory governance, and environmental legislation. Given the accelerating pace of ecological disruption, the expansion, functional enhancement, and adaptive management of PAs in steppe and industrial zones must become a central focus of both national and international environmental strategies. These efforts are essential not only for halting biodiversity loss, but also for fostering climate resilience and ensuring long-term human-nature coexistence.

The purpose of the study is to create and approbation of the author's methodology for assessing the tourism and recreational potential of components included in the natural block, on the example of the Republic of Mordovia and North Kazakhstan region. Materials and Methods: The results of field research and analysis of available scientific materials, previously conducted studies, cartographic materials, and publications were used in the work. Comparative geographical and historical geographical methods and the method of GIS technologies were used in the analysis. The method of mapping allowed visualising the components of the natural resource potential included in the natural block, including relief, rivers, lakes, and objects with the status of specially protected natural areas. To create a methodology for assessing the naturalresource potential, a four-point scale was used, which included the following indicators: Unfavourable (U), Relatively favourable (RF), Favourable (F), Most favourable (MF), which made it possible to give a qualitative and point assessment of the studied territories. Results and discussions: The potential of natural block resources used in tourism and recreational activities is the sum of the results of an assessment of a number of indicators: relief, climatic conditions, flora and fauna and specially protected natural areas, water resources. The assessment of the tourist and recreational potential of the natural block for the compared administrative territories based on the developed methodology is given in points reflecting the level of attractiveness based on the developed methodology. It was 17 points for the Republic of Mordovia, and 15 points for the North Kazakhstan region. There is no critical difference in the total score of the natural block, which perhaps suggests a sufficiently high and favorable level of potential for both territories. The methodology adapts well and, if necessary, can be modified by changing the evaluation criteria, supplementing, reducing or replacing them. The presented methodology for assessing the tourism and recreational potential of the components of the natural block is developed on the basis of analysing existing methods. The proposed methodology can be used to assess the tourism and recreational potential not only for the studied territories, but also for regions characterised by similar conditions for the development of tourism and recreational activities.