Abstract Background The growing global health burden necessitates precise therapeutics to mitigate pathogenesis and severe complications, which are increasing daily. Recently emerging and re-emerging viral infectious diseases, along with other ongoing complications from diverse infections and pathogens, contribute to global outbreaks. To address this, immediate and accurate therapeutic developments that can help manage this crisis are needed. Concerning the development of therapeutics, the conventional method-based drug design is time-consuming and requires a substantial investment of time to develop a drug against the pathogen successfully. Main body of the abstract To overcome these present obstacles, artificial intelligence (AI) came as a hope of revolutionizing the detection and advancement of pioneering, precise, cost- and time-effective drugs. AI uses advanced algorithms to improve the accuracy regarding target identification and further inhibitor selection. The pathogens were re-emerging daily, simultaneously, generating a huge amount of data with various specific properties and other essential details. Among them, some data can be helpful for therapeutic development. Using AI-based pipelines, tools, servers, databases, and useful resources to aid drug discovery, and employing different algorithms to examine the data, it was possible to identify a potential target that could aid therapeutic development; similarly, it also helped revolutionize the clinical aspects of drug discovery and the pharmaceutical industry by enabling more specific data handling. Moreover, it can help utilize available drugs and their significant details to address emerging and ongoing diseases through a drug repurposing-based approach using advanced AI-based computational analysis. Short conclusion Herein, this study offers the AI insight toward the drug discovery and development, how these approaches were utilized, and their advancements and challenges.

Abstract Background The nasal passages’ microbial communities are vital to human health and can influence infection processes. In this study, ten nasal samples were obtained, five from mothers and five from their 1- to 2-year-old infants. We studied the proteins of the nasal passage microbiota using the metaproteomic technique. The ten nasal samples collected were initially subjected to in-solution digestion, followed by a series of purification steps to ensure sample quality. Subsequent analysis was performed using LC–MS/MS, and the workflow was finalized with comprehensive data processing and bioinformatic analysis utilizing the UniProt database. The preliminary observations indicated that eight proteins showed differential abundance between the maternal and infant cohorts. Results The eight proteins detected in our exploratory study were found to be of particular importance, as they may be implicated in bacterial pathogenesis, can represent potential drug targets, and may be associated with pathways related to drug resistance. These proteins include amidohydrolase, SLEI domain protein (pf07620 family), histidine kinase (EC 2.7.13.3), RND transporter, GLPGLI family protein, penicillin-binding protein, MFS transporter, and a protein kinase domain-containing protein. Conclusions These observations provide preliminary evidence of how metaproteomics can elucidate the protein interactions within bacterial communities and their interactions with the host, potentially advancing our understanding of infection processes and guiding the development of targeted therapies.

Abstract Background Ciprofloxacin (Cpro) is a drug belonging to the fluoroquinolones class which can contribute to bacterial resistance due to its improper and overuse, and excretion in urine as unchanged. Therefore, continuous monitoring is required. In this work, voltammetric technique with pencil graphite electrode (PGE) modified by manganese(II)-chrysin complex ([Mn(Chr) 3 ]Cl 2 ) has been developed and its performance has been compared with the unmodified PGE working electrode and UV–Vis spectrophotometric method. Results Both the developed and UV–Vis spectrophotometric methods were calibrated using a series of standard solutions of Cpro with increasing concentration in the range of 1–250 µM. After calibrating the two methods, Cpro has been determined in two brands of pharmaceuticals, in urine samples, and in the presence of paracetamol. The values of dynamic range, LoD, and sensitivity for the developed method were 1–250 µM, 0.536 µM, and 0.148, respectively, whereas in UV–Vis spectrophotometric method the dynamic range, LoD, and sensitivity were 1–120 µM, 0.413 µM, and 0.025, respectively. Conclusion Based on slope value, dynamic range, and selectivity the developed method has better performance than UV–Vis spectrophotometric method. Graphical abstract

Abstract Background Chronic and complex wounds remain a significant clinical challenge, requiring biomaterials that can provide structural support and bioactive signaling. Pentaclethra macroloba (Pracaxi) oil is recognized for its regenerative properties; its integration into advanced delivery systems, such as electrospun nanofibers, which offer high surface area and mimic extracellular matrix, remains unexplored. This work aimed to develop and characterize poly(lactic acid) (PLA) nanofibers loaded with Pracaxi oil (OP) as an innovative bioactive dressing for wound healing. Methods The chemical profile of OP was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). PLA/OP nanofibers (1%–20% w/w) were produced via electrospinning process and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermal analysis (DSC/TGA). Biological performance was evaluated using human keratinocyte (HaCaT) viability (MTT assay) and cell migration (scratch assay). Results CG-MS identified 11 fatty acids (98.95%), with oleic acid (50.93%) and behenic acid as the primary bioactive component. OP incorporation influenced fiber diameter and induced the formation of beads, which reduced the mat porosity. The oil acted as a plasticizer, slightly decreasing the glass transition temperature (Tg) and thermal stability, while the amorphous structure of PLA was preserved. Nanofibers containing up to 15% w/w of OP demonstrated excellent biocompatibility, with cell viability exceeding 100%. The 15% w/w of OP formulation was identified as the optimal system, significantly accelerating keratinocyte migration compared to pure PLA and control groups ( p < 0.01). Conclusions This study successfully integrated OP into PLA nanofibers for the first time. The resulting membrane combines the structural advantages of nanofibers with the therapeutic benefits of PO. Specifically, the 15% w/w formulation is a promising biomimetic scaffold for wound healing. Future in vivo studies are suggested to confirm these findings. Graphical abstract

Abstract Vitex agnus-castus L. (chaste tree) has a rich history of use in traditional medicine across various cultures for over 2500 years, particularly for gynecological issues. Its applications range from regulating menstrual cycles to alleviating premenstrual syndrome and menopausal symptoms, with endorsements from health authorities such as the German Commission E. This review aims to consolidate existing knowledge on the ethnopharmacological uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological effects of V. agnus-castus , while also discussing its safety profile and therapeutic potential. The relevant articles were identified by searching PubMed ( www.pubmed.com ), Scopus ( http://www.scopus.com ), ISI Web of Science ( www.webofknowledge.com ), and Google Scholar ( www.scholar.google.com ) up to November 2024. V. agnus-castus exhibits a wide range of pharmacological properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic effects. Its active compounds, particularly casticin, have been linked to these benefits. Future research should focus on advanced preclinical and clinical studies to better assess its safety and therapeutic efficacy in diverse populations.

Abstract Background The application of nanotechnology in the biomedical field has greatly expanded in the last decade, as delineated by the large number of publications by several researchers. Particularly for liver diseases which are prevalent in Egypt, published research has delineated that nanotechnology-based products were able to enhance the therapeutic efficacy and safety of drugs, by modulating their distribution and pharmacokinetic properties, protecting them from degradation, reducing their renal clearance and elimination, enhancing liver specific uptake and targeting, and overcoming mechanisms of drug resistance. However, surveying the granted patents in this regard displayed the limited number of patents, concurring with limited availability of nanotechnology-based products in the market. Areas covered This review article firstly details the research conducted in Egypt for treatment of prevalent liver diseases using nanotechnology-based products, then details the granted patents in Egypt and internationally in this regard, followed by an overview on the existing safety and regulatory implications, and recommendations for their improvement, in order to increase the number of commercially available products in the market.

Abstract Background Ovarian cancer is a major gynecologic malignancy with high morbidity and mortality rates. Current treatment options have limited long-term effectiveness due to tumor resistance and significant side effects. Main body This article explores the potential of belotecan, a derivative of camptothecin, as a promising therapeutic agent for ovarian cancer. Belotecan’s ability to inhibit topoisomerase I, induce DNA damage, and modulate inflammation positions it as a strong candidate for enhancing ovarian cancer treatment. However, challenges such as poor bioavailability, rapid systemic clearance, and dose-limiting toxicity remain. To overcome these issues, nano-formulation strategies are proposed to improve pharmacokinetics, solubility, and tumor-specific targeting. These strategies may enhance belotecan's stability, increase its therapeutic efficacy, and minimize off-target effects. Conclusion This review provides a detailed examination of belotecan’s molecular mechanisms, its anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties, and the advances in nano-formulation technologies. The integration of these strategies could lead to more effective treatments and improved outcomes for ovarian cancer patients. Graphical abstract

Abstract Ranitidine is an H2-receptor antagonist used to control acid disorders in the gastrointestinal tract. But the long-term use of ranitidine is related to liver dysfunction, which may alter bilirubin levels and disrupt lipid metabolism. Bilirubin, beyond being a liver function marker, plays a role against oxidative stress and lipid dysregulation. In this research, we set out to study the toxic outcomes of ranitidine in selected biochemical parameters with emphasis on the biochemical relationship between bilirubin dysregulation and lipid disturbances and to evaluate the therapeutic potential of capsiate in counteracting this disturbed relationship. The rats are grouped as follows: control, ranitidine-treated, capsiate-treated, and a combination of ranitidine with capsiate-treated group. Capsiate and ranitidine were orally given at doses of (60 mg/kg.b.wt and 300 mg/kg.b.wt, respectively). Body weight gain and liver weights and relative liver weights; serum levels of direct bilirubin, lipids, glucose, hematological parameters, electrolytes, and comet assay results were evaluated. Ranitidine causes metabolic disturbances, linked with bilirubin, lipids, and glucose regulation, and other biochemical assessments as well as genotoxicity. These findings give new insights about the biochemical link between bilirubin and lipid disturbances in ranitidine-induced liver alterations. On the other hand, capsiate mitigates the biochemical disturbances, genotoxicity, and modulate the disturbed relationship between bilirubin and lipids. The efficacy of capsiate to modulate these disturbances positions it as a promising candidate for future therapeutic applications. Graphical abstract

Abstract Background The discipline of tissue engineering (TE) is experiencing significant advancements, characterized by both rapid progress and periods of slower development that sometimes fall short of earlier expectations. This review serves as a comprehensive inventory of achievements aimed at enhancing the innovation process within the field. Tissue engineering has embraced novel technologies and devised innovative methodologies for constructing tissue models, which are instrumental in studying and addressing various disease conditions. Methods A critical aspect of this endeavor is ensuring that scientific initiatives are closely aligned with the specific requirements of particular diseases, ultimately striving toward the creation of viable products in regenerative medicine. Results Natural biomaterials, including collagen, chitosan, alginate, silk fibroin, and fibrin, closely mimic the native extracellular matrix and provide intrinsic bioactive cues that promote cell adhesion, proliferation, migration, and lineage-specific differentiation. These polymers often present specific motifs that engage cell surface receptors such as integrins, activating signaling pathways central to tissue repair and remodeling, while their hydrophilic and porous architecture enhances nutrient transport and waste removal in three-dimensional constructs. Their degradation is primarily mediated by endogenous enzymes (e.g., collagenases, lysozymes), enabling controlled resorption synchronized with new tissue deposition and thereby reducing the risks of mechanical mismatch, fibrosis, and chronic inflammation. Compared with synthetic polymers such as polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, and polycaprolactone whose strength, architecture, and hydrolytic degradation rates can be precisely engineered but which often lack inherent bioactivity and may release inflammatory byproducts, natural scaffolds generally exhibit superior biocompatibility and support more effective functional integration in vitro and in vivo. Conclusions The core advantage of using natural biomaterials due to their ability to bridge structural support with biological functionality, and their integration into hybrid constructs with synthetic polymers represents a promising strategy to couple mechanical robustness with biomimetic signaling, accelerating translation toward clinically relevant regenerative therapies.

Abstract Background Since its first synthesis in the nineteenth century, hydantoin has emerged as a vital scaffold in drug development, especially for anticonvulsant, antimicrobial, antitumor, and anti-inflammatory agents. Phenytoin, a well-known hydantoin derivative, remains a cornerstone in epilepsy treatment due to its modulation of voltage-gated sodium channels. Beyond this, hydantoin derivatives exhibit diverse biological activities, including anticancer, immunomodulatory, and antimicrobial properties. Synthetic versatility and a broad bioactive profile enhance their pharmaceutical significance. Objective The objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive insights on hydantoin derivatives, highlighting their pharmacological potential, structural diversity, and synthetic approaches. It also explores how substitution patterns and stereochemistry influence their biological activity. Materials and Methods Hydantoin derivatives can be synthesized through conventional methods and advanced techniques, such as microwave-assisted synthesis. Their anticonvulsant properties are typically evaluated using both in vitro and in vivo models. Common in vivo screening includes intraperitoneal administration in maximal electroshock (MES) and subcutaneous pentylenetetrazol (scPTZ)-induced seizure models. Results Studies show that substitution at key positions on the hydantoin ring significantly affects biological activity. Microwave-assisted synthesis often yields more potent derivatives. Some compounds also exhibit anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities, broadening their therapeutic potential. Conclusion Hydantoin derivatives exhibit significant pharmacological potential, driven by their structural versatility and diverse substitution patterns. Enhanced synthetic approaches, such as microwave-assisted methods, improve yield and bioactivity. Their broad spectrum of action, particularly in anticonvulsant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer domains, underscores their continued relevance in drug development. Graphical Abstract