Sakesphorus canadensis is a Thamnophilid antbird distributed along the major river systems of northern South America. In Peru, it is typically associated with blackwater habitats in the northern Amazon, particularly within the Loreto Department. Here, we report the first record of S. c. loretoyacuensis in the Yaguas River basin, Putumayo Province, near the border with Colombia. This finding represents the northernmost record of the species in Loreto, extending its known distribution by approximately 120 km northward. The presence of this species in the Yaguas basin underscores the importance of continued biodiversity surveys in remote regions to improve our understanding of the country's avifauna.

We studied the oviposition preference, food plants, life cycle of Morpho menelaus occidentalis, and its natural enemies. Three butterfly gardens were constructed with host plants representative of the forest, previously confirmed as suitable for the species. Wild females were collected and introduced into the enclosures, where they were fed fermented ripe bananas. In these environments, oviposition by host species, the number of larvae, and the presence of natural enemies were recorded. In the natural forest, the plants consumed by adults were documented. The life cycle was evaluated under controlled laboratory conditions (24–30 °C, 86% relative humidity, and a photoperiod of 14L:10O) using 20 newly emerged larvae fed with Arachis pintoi. Growth, molting, and morphometry of each stage were recorded daily, and a Kaplan–Meier curve was constructed to estimate survival. Adults’ laid eggs most frequently on Vigna aff. candida, Platymiscium stipulare, and Piper aduncum, and consumed the juice of fermented fruits from eight plant species. The biological cycle had five larval stages and a total duration of 97.6 days, with a cumulative survival rate of nearly 80%, with the larval stage having the highest mortality rate. Two natural enemies were identified: an egg parasitoid wasp (Scelionidae), responsible for 47% of parasitism, and the ant Crematogaster sp., which preyed on 35% of the larvae. This study is the first complete characterization of the life cycle of M. m. occidentalis, evidencing its selective polyphagous behavior and highlighting the need for biosecurity and management measures for its breeding and conservation.

Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) is a timber species that has historically been in high international demand. It was listed in Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) in 2002. This study examines the impact of this measure on the trade of mahogany in Peru and compares it with global trends. Export volume data from 1995 to 2023 were utilised, analysing changes before and after the entry into force of Appendix II. The effects of regulatory measures were assessed using Mann–Whitney U tests and LOESS smoothing models. Furthermore, available population data were used to model the population through a Lefkovitch matrix. The results indicate that Peruvian exports (U = 93, p = 0.212) did not exhibit a significant change in trade volume; however, at the global level (U = 145, p = 0.002), statistically significant differences in export volume were observed before and after its inclusion in CITES. The population model (Lefkovitch) yielded a population growth rate of λ = 1.006, suggesting a stable condition under the current harvesting regime.

The traditional knowledge of the Urarina people about native stingless bees (Meliponini) is at risk of disappearing, exacerbated by climate change affecting the floodplain and peatland ecosystems they inhabit. This study documents the identification, traditional uses, ecosystems, associated plants, and knowledge transmission in the Urarina community of Santa Martha, Loreto, Peru, through interviews, focus groups, and field inventories conducted between 2023 and 2024. Seven species of stingless bees were identified, associated with nine species of arboreal plants, primarily used for technological, medicinal, and magical-religious recreational purposes. The local ecosystems "atane" and "leuaku" show greater bee diversity. Knowledge transmission is oral and observational, led by parents and grandparents. This work highlights the importance of Urarina knowledge about bees for ecosystem conservation and underscores the need to strengthen intergenerational knowledge transmission.

Pecari tajacu, a wild species of high nutritional value in the Peruvian Amazon, represents a strategic alternative for conservation and sustainable production programs. This study evaluated weight gain in captive individuals subjected to three dietary protein levels at the Pilot Center for Wildlife Breeding of the National University of the Peruvian Amazon (UNAP), Loreto. Twelve individuals of similar age were randomly assigned to three experimental pens. Weight gain and serum biochemical parameters were recorded monthly over a six-month period under diets containing 12% (T1), 14% (T2), and 18% (T3) crude protein. Treatment T3 resulted in a significantly higher average monthly weight gain of 2.4 kg (p < 0.05). A low correlation was observed between serum values and body weight (r = 0.27), while total proteins showed a strong correlation (r = 0.83), and albumin and globulin exhibited a moderate correlation (r = 0.58). In conclusion, the inclusion of plant- and animal-based ingredients with high protein content (18%) enhanced both weight gain and the biochemical profile of the specimens. These findings provide technical evidence to optimize the nutritional management of P. tajacu in controlled breeding systems, with relevant implications for ex situ conservation and rural development in the Amazon region.

Autochthonous probiotics derived from the host’s native microbiota can enhance gastrointestinal colonization, feed efficiency, disease resistance, and stress tolerance in aquaculture species. This study evaluated bacteria isolated from the intestine and gills of gamitana (Colossoma macropomum) based on key probiotic selection criteria, including tolerance to acidic conditions and bile salts, antagonistic activity against pathogens, antibiotic susceptibility, biofilm formation, and enzymatic activity. A total of 69 bacterial isolates were obtained using Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe (MRS) broth and Trypticase Soy Broth (TSB). Five isolates (7.2%) met all selection criteria and were molecularly identified as Lactobacillus brevis (IPIFAB2, IPIFAC1, BRALA1) and Lactococcus garvieae (G25, G23). L. brevis isolates showed moderate acid tolerance, with survival rates between 31 ± 2.04% and 36.4 ± 0.17% at pH 4. All selected strains tolerated bile salts; however, L. brevis maintained high viability (≥78% at 0.8%), while L. garvieae exhibited marked reductions at higher concentrations. Antagonistic activity was significantly greater in L. brevis, producing inhibition halos of 2.3 ± 0.1 to 3.9 ± 0.1 mm, compared with 1.2 ± 0.21 to 1.9 ± 0.12 mm for L. garvieae. Proteolytic activity was observed in three L. brevis strains, and six isolates demonstrated biofilm-forming capacity. All selected strains were susceptible to the antibiotics tested. Among them, L. brevis IPIFAB2 exhibited the strongest probiotic profile. Overall, L. brevis strains show considerable potential as autochthonous probiotics for C. macropomum aquaculture, contributing to improved fish health, disease prevention, and sustainable production.

The use of computational tools combined with biological knowledge allows the identification of optimal areas of occupancy based on ecological requirements, which are key for species conservation. However, for many species, this baseline is lacking, especially in the department of Loreto, Peru. This study generated geographical distribution models for two Amazonian bird species: Harpia harpyja “harpy Eagle” and Sarcoramphus papa “King Vulture”. Using a combination of geographic occurrence data and bioclimatic variables, the modeling was conducted with the Maxent algorithm. Our models indicated that for H. harpyja, the optimal conditions of occurrence were located in the north and east of the department, in the provinces of Putumayo, Mariscal Ramón Castilla, and Maynas, with the most important bioclimatic variables being the mean diurnal temperature range and annual precipitation. For S. papa, the optimal areas were discontinuous, mainly in the north, southeast, and south, particularly in the provinces of Requena and Mariscal Ramón Castilla, with the most important bioclimatic variables being the mean annual temperature and annual temperature range. Our results, together with geographic information and field data collection, can be useful in species conservation efforts, sampling site prioritization, and the creation of ecological corridors.

Los varillales amazónicos, bosques de arena blanca caracterizados por su alto endemismo y suelos extremadamente oligotróficos, permanecen escasamente estudiados en cuanto a la formación de anillos de crecimiento y el potencial dendrocronológico de las especies forestales que la conforman. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el potencial dendrocronológico de 30 especies arbóreas de los varillales, localizados en Jenaro Herrera – Perú. Se aplicó un método no destructivo para la obtención de muestras de madera por medio del uso de una sonda metálica para la perforación. Se caracterizaron macroscópicamente las 30 especies y de forma microscópica solo aquellas con anillos diferenciados. Los resultados indican que solo 8 de las 30 especies (27%) presentaron anillos anatómicamente verificables siendo el rasgo predominante, la zona de engrosamiento de fibras como delimitador de los anillos de crecimiento. La concordancia entre la caracterización macroscópica y microscópica permitió descartar especies con límites visibles, pero no funcionales como se identificó en Humiria balsamifera. Las características anatómicas observadas revelan adaptaciones al estrés hídrico estacional y una alta variabilidad estructural entre especies. Se concluye que solo 8 presentan potencial para estudios dendrocronológicos, constituyendo fuentes confiables para reconstrucciones climáticas y análisis de dinámica forestal en ecosistemas de varillales.

Understanding and managing Water Ecosystem Services (WES) are fundamental to the sustainability of ecosystem-rich regions. To understand the relationship between water ecosystem services and the challenges of implementing conservation projects in drinking water management in San Martín, in the Peruvian Amazon, a survey was conducted with 52 key stakeholders in the drinking water sector, ranging from those responsible for Municipal Technical Areas to those working in supplier companies. Structured questionnaires were designed, reviewed, and validated, ensuring that the questions were clear and useful. Data analysis employed statistical methods such as Gamma association and Somers' D test, which helped identify important connections related to more responsible and sustainable water management. The results show a strong correlation between water ecosystem services and bottlenecks, with legal, institutional, social, technical, economic, and political factors significantly influencing management. The findings underscore the need for strong legal frameworks, appropriate policies, community participation, and technical expertise to improve sustainability. Therefore, drinking water management in San Martín requires a multidimensional approach that integrates legal, institutional, social, economic, and technical aspects, ensuring the provision of drinking water and the conservation of ecosystems in this biodiverse region.