ABSTRACTBackground:The ability of a root canal sealer to fill spaces and prevent microleakage is a major factor in the quality of root canal therapy. The efficacy of root canal sealers to seal may be impacted by thermomechanical stress, which mimics clinical chewing forces and temperature variations.Materials and Methods:Forty extracted human single-rooted teeth that had been removed were split into four groups at random (n = 10). Group 1 was obturated using epoxy resin, Group 2 was obturated using calcium silicate, Group 3 was obturated using bioceramic, and Group 4 was obturated using zinc oxide eugenol. 10,000 thermocycles (5°C to 55°C) and 100,000 mechanical loading cycles at 50 N were used to apply thermomechanical stress to the specimens. Following this, the teeth were submerged in 1% methylene blue dye for 24 hours. Under a stereomicroscope, dye penetration was assessed in millimeters after sectioning.Results:With a mean value of 0.6 ± 0.1 mm, Group 1 (Epoxy resin) showed the least amount of dye penetration, followed by Group 3 (Bioceramic) with 0.9 ± 0.2 mm. Group 4 (zinc oxide eugenol) had the largest dye penetration (1.8 ± 0.4 mm), while Group 2 (calcium silicate) had moderate leakage (1.2 ± 0.3 mm). Group 1 performed substantially better than Group 4, according to statistical analysis using ANOVA, which showed significant differences between the groups (P < 0.05).Conclusion:Superior sealing performance under thermomechanical stress conditions was established by epoxy resin-based sealers, indicating their possible use in clinical situations. Sealers based on zinc oxide eugenol, showed the most leakage, indicating the need for more formulation improvements.

ABSTRACTBackground:Because of the intricate interactions between the root canal system and periodontal tissues, endodontic–periodontal lesions (EPLs) provide a diagnostic and treatment challenge. Locally administered antibiotics (LDAs) have drawn interest as an adjuvant to improve treatment results.Materials and Methods:Sixty patients with EPL diagnoses were split into two groups at random: Group A received standard endodontic and periodontal care, whereas Group B had standard therapy with the application of an LDA. After extensive debridement, LDAs containing minocycline hydrochloride were injected into periodontal pockets. At baseline, one month, and three months after treatment, clinical measures such as radiographic bone fill, clinical attachment level (CAL), and probing depth (PD) were measured.Results:At the three-month follow-up, Group B showed a greater reduction in PD (3.8 ± 0.6 mm vs. 2.5 ± 0.7 mm in Group A, P < 0.05) and a significant gain in CAL (2.9 ± 0.5 mm vs. 1.8 ± 0.6 mm, P < 0.05). Radiographic analysis revealed enhanced bone fill in Group B compared to Group A (P < 0.05). No adverse reactions to the antibiotic application were reported.Conclusion:When compared to conventional therapy alone, the use of LDAs as an adjuvant in the treatment of EPLs greatly enhances clinical and radiological results. By encouraging attachment growth and decreasing PD, LDAs improve periodontal repair. Additional long-term research is required to validate these results.

Hydroxyapatite (HAp) derived from chicken eggshells has recently gained significant interest in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. This paper aims to review the synthesis, properties and applications of eggshell-derived hydroxyapatite (E-HAp) in dentistry. A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed and Scopus databases, along with a grey literature search. The references of selected studies were also manually reviewed to identify additional relevant articles. No restrictions were applied for language or publication year. Two independent reviewers carried out the study selection and data extraction processes. Seventeen studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the qualitative analysis. Most studies were in vitro investigations focused on applications such as dentinal tubule sealing (n = 4) and remineralization of initial enamel caries lesions (n = 4). E-HAp was also studied for tissue engineering applications, including alveolar ridge preservation as a bone graft material (n = 5) and periodontal regeneration (n = 2). Additional applications included regenerative endodontics (n = 3) and use as a pulp capping agent (n = 2). E-HAp shows a wide range of applications in dentistry, particularly in tissue engineering and regenerative dentistry, marking it as a promising biomaterial in dentistry.

The oral health status of older people living in residential aged care facilities (RACFs) is found to be very poor. Many oral health promotion interventions have been tested in RACF settings around the world with varying degrees of success. The aim of this systematic review is to analyse the health promotion strategies used in oral health promotion interventions in RACF settings and map the behaviour change techniques (BCTs) used in interventions to the Behaviour Change Techniques Taxonomy Version 1 (BCTTV1). This will help us identify the BCTs that are used and how effective they are in improving oral health outcomes for residents and the knowledge, attitudes and skills of caregivers in providing mouth care assistance to residents of RACFs. A database search was conducted in MEDLINE, Cochrane CENTRAL, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (CDSR), EMBASE, PsycINFO, CINAHL and Web of Sciences databases to screen for articles relevant to the topic of the review; after full-text review a total of 31 articles comprising both randomised controlled trials and non-randomised intervention studies were included in this review. Risks of bias in randomised studies were assessed using the ROB2 tool and ROBINS-I was used to evaluate non-randomised studies. The description of intervention content in each study was coded for the presence of BCTs by two independent review authors trained in coding BCTs according to BCTTv1. The most commonly used BCTs were 'demonstration of behaviour', 'instruction on how to perform behaviour' and 'credible source'. These BCTs were effective in improving oral health outcomes and knowledge of caregivers on short-term follow-up. A higher number of BCTs were coded in studies that showed significant improvement in oral health outcomes of residents on long-term follow-up with rarely used BCTs related to 'monitoring and feedback' being coded in majority of studies that showed consistent improvement in oral health outcomes of residents. This review identified the most commonly used BCTs used in health promotion interventions to improve oral health among older people in RACFs and found that majority of interventions were targeted towards 'knowledge transfer' and were inconsistent in improving oral health outcomes for residents over long-term. Well conducted studies with use of theoretical behaviour change frameworks to develop oral health promotion interventions are needed as majority of strategies used currently do not demonstrate consistent effectiveness in improving oral health outcomes for residents of RACFs.

ABSTRACTAccurate dental restorations require die materials with optimal surface hardness. This study evaluated drying method effects on three Type IV dental stones: Elite Rock (ZERMACK), Fuji Rock (GC), and Kal Rock (KALROCK). One hundred twenty samples of ZERMACK, GC, and KALROCK were prepared using manufacturer-recommended water/powder ratios. Samples were divided into four subgroups based on drying method: 1-hour air drying, 24-hour air drying, 1-hour air drying followed by 10 min of microwave drying at low power, and 24-hour air drying followed by die hardener application. Knoop hardness testing was conducted according to ADA specification #25. One-way ANOVA and pairwise comparisons were used for statistical analysis. GC showed the highest mean hardness (84.58), followed by ZERMACK (74.82), and KALROCK (67.07). Significant differences existed (F [2, 27] =190.463, P < .001). GC had significantly higher hardness than KALROCK (17.52 difference) and ZERMACK (9.76 difference) after 24 hours. GC exhibited superior surface hardness. Material selection and drying methods significantly impact Type IV gypsum hardness for dental dies.

Electronic government (e-government) is the application of communication and information technologies aimed at improving the efficiency of public services provided to citizens and organizations. The e-government is a most complicated system that requires to be distributed, protected as well as privacy-preserved and malfunction of these systems is expensive both socially and economically. Therefore, blockchain technology facilitates the execution of high protected as well as privacy-preserving approaches wherein transactions are not underneath a third party control managements. Utilizing blockchain technology, current data and fresh data are saved in the sealed compartment of blocks that is distributed across a network in demonstrable manner. The information privacy and security are improved by blockchain technology, wherein data are distributed and encrypted across whole network. Here, SpinalNet_KeyGen is newly presented for privacy-preserved data sharing (PPDS) in e-governance system. The entities considered in this research are citizen, private agency, government agency (GA) and support GA. Initialization, delegates and witness voting, key generation wherein secret key is generated using SpinalNet, new node creation, user registration, data encryption and protection, authentication, decryption, validation and data sharing are the steps followed in this work. The devised scheme follows three groups of communication. Moreover, SpinalNet_KeyGen achieved minimal values of computational time and memory usage about 37.526 s and 37.9 MB. However, it is difficult to consider all security parameters in the proposed method.

4D printing advances traditional 3D printing by incorporating the dimension of time, enabling stimuli-responsive shape or behavior changes. Bio-smart materials, crucial to this technology, enable programmable transformations with significant potential in biomechanics and dentistry. This review explores the use of smart materials and stimuli in 4D printing, emphasizing dental applications.A comprehensive search across EMBASE, Web of Science, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library and clinical trial registries identified 154 articles on 4D printing technologies, biomaterials, and stimuli relevant to dental applications. Of these, 84 were pertinent to the review's objective, with 25 specifically focused on 4D printing and various smart materials. The review highlights biomaterials engineered for programmable responses, such as shape memory polymers, shape memory elastomers, responsive inks, and hydrogels. These materials enable the creation of structures that can adapt, self-assemble, or respond to stimuli like temperature, moisture, or pH levels. In dentistry, these capabilities show potential for applications in orthodontics, implants, and tissue engineering.The integration of 4D printing and bio-smart materials has the potential to transform dentistry by creating adaptive, time-responsive structures. This technology enables personalized, precise, and minimally invasive treatments, addressing complex biomechanical challenges in dental care.