There is a high degree of variation both within and between the surveyed European countries with regard to paediatric HTx centre density, VAD availability, listing protocols, and post-HTx management. Multiple factors contribute to this heterogeneity, which makes standardisation of HTx listing and VAD criteria challenging. Increased cross-national collaborative efforts between European countries may strengthen both HTx and MCS availability and outcomes, especially in regions with several smaller neighbouring countries. •The care of paediatric heart transplant (HTx) and mechanical support (MCS) patients varies across Europe. •This paper elucidates the differences in transplant service organisation and the care of transplant and MCS patients in twenty-eight European countries. •These findings could potentially encourage broader open dialogue and facilitate collaboration across European paediatric HTx centres with development of standardised listing criteria, improved collective European registry data and creation of standards for screening post-HTx patients.

A 7-day antibiotic regimen for uncomplicated neonatal sepsis is not inferior to a 14-day regimen. • Unregulated use of antibiotics can lead to a myriad of problems, especially in neonates. • There is some evidence that uncomplicated neonatal sepsis can be treated with short-course antibiotics. • Data is lacking-especially from Central India. • This trial checks if it is possible to reduce the duration of antibiotic therapy in uncomplicated neonatal sepsis.

Adjunctive IgM-enriched intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in pediatric sepsis was associated with early cellular and hematological changes suggestive of immunomodulatory activity; however, these biological effects did not translate into measurable clinical benefit. Further prospective pediatric studies are needed to better define patient subgroups that may benefit from targeted immunomodulatory interventions. • Pediatric sepsis is associated with complex immune dysregulation and high morbidity and mortality. • Evidence supporting the clinical benefit of IgM-enriched intravenous immunoglobulin in pediatric sepsis is limited. • IgM-enriched intravenous immunoglobulin is associated with early changes in leukocyte, neutrophil, and platelet indices in pediatric sepsis. • These early cellular effects do not appear to translate into improved clinical outcomes.

Genetic eligibility for CFTRm is associated with meaningful differences in psychological well-being among children with CF, particularly in those with more advanced lung disease. These findings suggest that eligibility status itself may function as a psychosocial determinant and should be considered when delivering patient-centered care for children with CF and their families. •CF is associated with increased psychological burden in both children and their caregivers. •Although CFTR modulators have transformed cystic fibrosis care, access remains limited, and real-world use may be affected by factors such as genetic eligibility, treatment adherence, and potential adverse effects. •Children with CF who are genetically eligible for CFTR modulator therapy-particularly those with advanced lung disease-report higher levels of hope, more positive attitudes toward their illness, and lower perceived illness threat than ineligible peers.

Lung ultrasound is a valuable, radiation-free, bedside, and reproducible imaging modality for assessing structural lung involvement in children with PCD. The LUS aeration score correlates with radiographic severity and clinical disease burden, supporting its potential role as a complementary tool in clinical follow-up. Atelectatic findings detected by LUS appear clinically significant and are associated with greater radiographic severity. However, according to current guidelines, atelectasis should be documented as an individual sonographic finding rather than included in the scoring system. Taken together, these findings suggest that lung ultrasound may help assess both structural lung involvement and overall disease burden in children with primary ciliary dyskinesia. • Lung ultrasound is a radiation-free bedside tool, but its use in primary ciliary dyskinesia is limited and no validated LUS-based scoring system is available. • Atelectasis is a common and clinically important sign of lung disease in children with primary ciliary dyskinesia. • In children with primary ciliary dyskinesia, the conventional LUS aeration score shows a moderate correlation with chest radiograph severity (modified Chrispin-Norman score), frequency of respiratory exacerbations, and the number of bronchiectatic lobes. • Ultrasound-detected atelectasis - documented as a separate descriptive finding according to current international guidelines - is linked to significantly higher radiographic disease severity, and lung ultrasound may serve as a radiation-free, complementary bedside tool for ongoing monitoring of structural lung disease in children with primary ciliary dyskinesia.

Multi-directional phototherapy was more rapid than treatment with unidirectional phototherapy in the home setting. ISRCTN88608924 29 January 2026, retrospectively registered. •Home phototherapy for hyperbilirubinemia is safe and effective. •Treatment times with fiberoptic and wearable devices in the home setting can be lengthy and complicated by overheating and readmission. •Home phototherapy with multidirectional illumination is more effective than unidirectional undersurface phototherapy. •Multidirectional home phototherapy can lower bilirubin levels at a rate comparable to hospital devices.

This study innovatively delineates the efficacy-safety profile of pediatric FMT and outlines a pathway for optimizing individualized treatment regimens, providing crucial evidence-based guidance for clinical practice. This study has been registered on the PROSPERO database (CRD42024614196). • Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT) demonstrates preliminary therapeutic potential in several pediatric diseases. • Existing evidence remains fragmented, with limited systematic data on factors modifying efficacy and safety in children. • The study revealed FMT's high efficacy across rCDI, IBD, and ASD, and identified IBD as a risk factor for elevated FMT-related adverse events in pediatric patients. •Notably, related/friend donors improved rCDI response rates, while comorbidities like IBD reduced rCDI treatment efficacy.

Prenatal risk factors, low birth weight, feeding intolerance, and decreased platelet levels may serve as early indicators of HIEnt in ELBW infants, underscoring the condition's distinct pathophysiological origins. These findings underscore the need for integrated, multimodal diagnostic strategies and support the pursuit of larger, multicenter validation studies to improve the detection of HIEnt and outcomes in this vulnerable population. • Hypoxic-Ischemic Enterocolitis (HIEnt) in extremely low birth weight(ELBW) infants is a distinct and severe condition manifesting within the first week of life.It is frequently underdiagnosed due to non-specific clinical signs and the limited sensitivityof existing diagnostic tools. •This pilot study identifies significant predictors and diagnostic tools,including lower birth weight, abnormal antenatal Doppler findings, early platelet decline,and feeding intolerance, as potential early indicators of HIEnt in ELBW infants during thefirst week of life, underscoring the need for multimodal diagnostic strategies.

The findings indicate that OA/TOF patients have adequate post-surgical quality of life. However, this study was limited by a lack of previous research, as well as a limited number of participants for types A, B, D, and E. • Oesophageal atresia/tracheo-oesophageal fistula (OA/TOF) is a condition requiring immediate postnatal surgery and is associated with significant complications in early life. • This data collected in this study indicates that OA/TOF patients who have undergone surgery in South Wales have an adequate quality of life. • This study adds new data into a limited area of research.

LISA did not reduce the need for invasive mechanical ventilation within 72h, duration of respiratory support, or neonatal morbidities and mortality compared with ENSURE. Clinical Trial Registry of India (CTRI/2023/07/055841). •LISA reduces mechanical ventilation and BPD compared with conventional INSURE by preserving spontaneous breathing and avoiding prolonged positive pressure ventilation. •However, consistent superiority over other surfactant delivery techniques has not been demonstrated, with outcomes influenced by technique, expertise, patient selection, and protocol variability. •ENSURE showed comparable effectiveness to LISA in reducing invasive mechanical ventilation within 72 h. •These findings underscore that a standardized, protocol-driven surfactant strategy may be as important as the choice of technique.