This article compares the knowledge and interpretation ability of Chat Generative Pre-Trained Transformer (ChatGPT), with undergraduate dental students by administering a dental anatomy multiple-choice question-based examination.This analytical cross-sectional study determined ChatGPT's justification for each response to evaluate its suitability as an e-learning tool. The frequency and percentage of students and ChatGPT were calculated to obtain the correct answers for a multiple-choice examination.The data analysis was performed through Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) by IBM (Version 20) and Microsoft Excel by Microsoft Corporation. The frequency and percentage of students and the ChatGPT were calculated for the correct answers. The p-value of the Shapiro-Wilk test was 0.001, therefore, the Kolmogorov test was applied to check the hypothesis for the distribution of the average ChatGPT explanation score given by the experts.The results revealed that students performed better in the introductory dental anatomy examination. The average score of students was 74.28%, while that of ChatGPT was 60%. A good agreement was observed between the experts regarding the grading of the explanation.ChatGPT possesses a foundational understanding of basic dental anatomy, sufficient to achieve a passing grade on an undergraduate examination, its performance exhibits limitations in accuracy and reliability, therefore, it cannot be recommended as a sole learning resource.

Background: Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, continues to be a major global health issue, particularly due to its potential to cause severe complications such as tubercular meningitis (TBM), which is a fatal condition that proves difficult to diagnose and treat effectively and often results in poor outcomes, especially in children, due to delayed diagnosis, drug resistance, and limited diagnostic techniques. Methods: This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in TBM management and treatment. A systematic search was performed across major databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, ClinicalTrials.gov, the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, and the ISRCTN Registry. The search strategy used terms like (“tubercular meningitis” OR “TBM” OR “TB meningitis”) AND (“diagnosis” OR “treatment” OR “clinical trials”). Inclusion criteria focused on studies published from January 2014 to September 2024, highlighting novel diagnostics, therapeutic advances, and clinical trials for TBM. Exclusion criteria involved studies unrelated to TBM or older than 10 years. Results: Diagnostic methods for TBM, such as microbiological and molecular techniques (Fig. 1), vary in sensitivity, with polymerase chain reaction assays being the most sensitive. While anti-TB drugs are available, drug resistance and poor cerebrospinal fluid penetration limit effectiveness. New molecular diagnostics and therapies, including anti-TNF agents, anti-inflammatory drugs, and antibiotics, show promise for improving outcomes. Conclusion: Despite recent advancements in TBM diagnostics and treatment, substantial challenges remain, particularly in addressing drug resistance and improving drug efficacy in the central nervous system. Continued innovation in molecular diagnostics and treatment approaches is essential to enhance TBM care and mitigate its devastating consequences.

Uterine fibroids affect a substantial proportion of women in their reproductive age. Despite their effectiveness, surgical options such as hysterectomy are invasive, costly, and associated with recurrences. Pharmacological treatments are non-curative, only alleviate symptoms, and associated with adverse effects. Polyscias fulva (Araliaceae) is traditionally used to manage uterine fibroids in East Africa. In this study we synthesized Polyscias fulva silver nanoparticles (PFAgNPs), evaluated their toxicity and activity against monosodium glutamate (MSG)-induced uterine fibroids in Wistar albino rats. The UV-visible spectroscopy showed maximal absorbance at 425 nm with adequate stability at varying temperatures, pH and storage conditions. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis revealed an average hydrodynamic size of 107.4 d.nm, polydispersity index of 0.264, and zeta potential of -18.3 mV. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the crystalline nature of PFAgNPs with an average size of 25 nm while scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed a spherical shape with an average size of 35 nm. The PFAgNPs caused lethargy, hyperventilation, and hyperactivity at a dose of 300 mg/kg BW, whereas 2000 mg/kg caused severe toxicity, resulting in death in acute toxicity testing. The no observed adverse effect level was 50 mg/kgBW, the lowest observed adverse effect level was 100 mg/kgBW, and median lethal dose (LD50) was 1000 mg/kg. The PFAgNPs significantly decreased (P < 0.05) serum proteins, cholesterol, estrogen and progesterone alongside preservation of the histoarchitecture of the uterus. Further research is needed to investigate the clinical safety of PFAgNPs in managing uterine fibroids.

BackgroundAcademic Motivation forces students to work harder to achieve their educational goals and increases their academic achievement. Teaching methodologies are one of the ways to cater learning needs of students and improve academic motivation. However, there is a paucity of literature comparing the two small group discussion methods for their effect on academic motivation and the academic achievement. This study aims to analyze which small group discussion teaching method (between jigsaw and tutorial) is more effective in improving the academic motivation and achievement of undergraduate dental students. .MethodsThis experimental study was conducted at Shifa College of Dentistry, randomly sampling the BDS 1st year students into two teaching groups (Jigsaw and Tutorial). Three teaching sessions were conducted within the module to teach the same topics to both groups. Multiple Choice Questions and a shorter version of the Academic Motivation Scale were administered to both groups before and after the intervention, to compare differences in scores. Data was analyzed using SPSS-26.ResultsThe data of 46 students was included in the study (22 students in the Tutorial Group and 24 in the Jigsaw group). The mean pre-test scores of the academic achievement test for the control (tutorial) group was 16.86 ± 2.997 and for the experimental (jigsaw) group was 16.58 ± 3.296 (p-value=0.765). The mean post-test scores were 17.32 ± 3.859 and 19.50 ± 3.162 for the control and experimental group respectively (p-value=0.041). The control group and the experimental group had mean academic motivation scores of 56.05 ± 15.32 and 59.83 ± 10.09 respectively, before the intervention (p-value=0.324). Post intervention, the two groups had mean academic motivation scores of 57.66 ± 11.87(control group) and 72.17 ± 12.42 (experimental group). There was a statistically significant difference in the mean scores on the academic motivation scale (p value=0.000) between the two groups after intervention.ConclusionThe jigsaw method is more effective in improving academic motivation and achievement of undergraduate dental students.

Abstract Background Chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) is a major complication of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Corticosteroids, despite being the first-line therapy, necessitate alternative treatments lacking standardized efficacy and having toxicity risks. Belumosudil, a selective ROCK2 inhibitor, offers a targeted approach for steroid-refractory cGVHD. This meta-analysis assesses efficacy and safety of Belumosudil in treating chronic cGVHD. Methods A comprehensive search was conducted through PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases from inception till January 24, 2025. The outcomes were pooled as untransformed proportions with 95% confidence intervals (CI) using the random-effects model. The I² and Cochran’s Q statistics were employed to evaluate interstudy heterogeneity. All calculations were performed using MetaXL. The risk of bias (ROB) was assessed using ROBINS-I. Results This meta-analysis included 5 studies with 302 patients. We found a significant pooled overall response rate (ORR) of 74% (95% CI: 69–79%, I² = 0%) in patients with cGVHD treated with belumosudil. There was a 14% complete remission rate (95% CI: 0.0–42%, I² = 96%), 70% partial remission rate (95% CI: 65–75%, I² = 0%), 21% treatment discontinuations (95% CI: 0–55%, I² = 97%) and 10% mortality (95% CI: 7–15%, I² = 0%). We found a pooled prevalence of 36% (95% CI: 26–46%, I² = 67%) for upper respiratory tract infections (URTI), 10% (95% CI: 7–13%, I² = 0%) for pneumonia, 33% (95% CI: 28–38%, I² = 0%) for diarrhea, and 30% (95% CI: 19–41%, I² = 75%) for nausea in patients receiving belumosudil. Conclusion Belumosudil shows effectiveness for steroid-refractory cGVHD, but study variability and safety concerns make conclusions uncertain. More robust trials with larger sample sizes and longer follow-ups are required to establish conclusive evidence.