Feminist narratives have been of top interest as particularly compelling and intellectually provocative forms of literary expression, addressing sensitive and urgent societal issues. This study reveals the conceptual, narrative, and linguistic properties of feminist narratives and their Ukrainian translations, drawing on Bonnie Garmus’s novel Lessons in Chemistry. The novel exemplifies contemporary feminist literary narratives by addressing the intersection of gender, professional identity, and societal expectations through the lens of personal and collective women’s experiences. This research employs a multi-layered analytical framework integrating conceptual, narrative, lexical-semantic, and translation analyses to examine the strategic construction of feminist narrative and to uncover cognitive and narrative modelling within the strategy of feminisation in the original text and its Ukrainian translation. In this paper, we focus on fundamental narrative elements such as the narrator and the focaliser and their cognitive foundation. The results indicate that in feminist narratives, there are close connections among author, narrator, main character, and focaliser, which are overtly feminist, as the story is presented to the reader with profound support for and understanding of the female protagonist’s position. In Bonnie Garmus’s Lessons in Chemistry, the narrative strategy of feminisation shapes the narrative, reflecting a certain position, and is realised at the conceptual, narrative, and lexical levels through a set of cognitive and narrative tools: conceptual metaphor, plot, narrator, focalisation, character, and lexical and stylistic means. This strategy presupposes “herstory” as the foundation underpinning the plot, while the conceptual metaphor WOMEN’S LIFE IS A GLASS CEILING permeates the entire narrative structure of the novel. In the Ukrainian translation of the novel, the feminisation strategy is also realised through systematic deployment of feminitives.

This study aims to examine the concept побратим (sworn brother) as a linguistic marker of unity, brotherhood, and social consolidation in modern Ukrainian consciousness during wartime by analysing its associative field structure, paradigmatic and syntagmatic connections. A free word association test revealed 226 verbal responses that determined the structure of the analysed associative field of the stimulus word побратим (pobratym): the core consists of 136 responses (60.18%), the close periphery – 69 responses (30.53%), the far periphery – 21 single responses (9.29%). Four thematic groups of the associative field were identified: names of persons (64.6%), names of objectified actions, states, and processes (18.58%), names of features, properties, and character traits (12.39%), and collective names for people (4.42%). The names of persons emphasise the individual dimension of brotherhood as a special type of interpersonal relationship – friendship, brotherhood, comradeship – pointing to the military context of this concept, actualised in connection with the Russian-Ukrainian war. The names of objectified actions, states, and processes reveal brotherhood as interaction, a dynamic state of unity, support, and mutual assistance. The names of qualities, properties, and traits form the moral and ethical core of the concept and indicate a high form of human dignity, which is grounded in mutual respect, trust, and moral responsibility. The collective names for people reflect the collective nature of the concept, within which brotherhood is part of a wider community – brotherhood, army, family, nation. The results demonstrate that the concept is primarily associated with the military community, friendship, mutual support, and trust, functioning as a cultural code that shapes national and moral unity in the context of wartime. Disclosure Statement The authors reported no potential conflict of interests.

Compositional aspect is an extremely important cross-language and universal language phenomenon discovered by Henk Verkuyl, a Dutch linguist and logician, in 1971, published a year later. Compositional aspect appears to exist in all natural languages, and proof is being accumulated lately in favor of this thesis. In contrast to verbal aspect as found in the Slavic languages, Greek, Georgian, Chinese, etc., where it resides in verbs as lexical entries but is grammaticalized, compositional aspect exists at the level of the sentence. The paper discusses some major notions that, on the one hand, underlie the correct understanding of compositional aspect and, on the other, constitute at least some of the reasons for the absence of the article-aspect interplay, an important phenomenon, in English grammars and in the literature on English language teaching. Publications in these two fields are practically silent about a phenomenon that has otherwise been discussed in theoretical linguistics for decades. Theoretical linguistics itself, although cognizant of the article-aspect interplay, also abounds in misconceptualizations about aspect in general, reigning in it from as early as when compositional aspect was discovered. English grammars and the overall literature on English language teaching continue to remain silent on the article-aspect interplay even lately, despite the appearance in recent years of a couple of publications – successfully addressing the issue but isolated, including two revolutionary papers dealing with articles, determiners, quantifiers and similar elements taking part in the compositional effectuation of aspect.

The Holodomor (1932-33) persists in family narratives, household rules, and commemorations that may shape community health across generations. Using an open-source intelligence (OSINT) approach, we compiled and froze a unique-heavy corpus of public, non-academic testimonies in English and Ukrainian (N = 163) from the National Museum of the Holodomor-Genocide, the Ukrainian Canadian Research & Documentation Centre, and institutionally hosted YouTube interviews. We coded 10 motifs (presence/absence) and analysed frequencies, pairwise co-occurrences, and descriptive transmission-motif associations (Fisher’s exact/χ²). Identity and Collective Memory and Explicit Storytelling were most prevalent (n = 106 and n = 163), followed by Food-Security Behaviours (n = 75), Distrust/Institutional Mistrust (n = 64), and Scarcity Mindset/Thrift (n = 48). Food-Security Behaviours co-occurred more with Storytelling and Identity/Memory than with Ritual/Commemoration (Food × Story = 75; Food × Identity = 19; Food × Ritual = 0). Food-Security also showed a directionally positive association with Hypervigilance/Anxiety (OR = 2.05; a = 13, b = 62, c = 8, d = 80; two-sided Fisher p = .16). Associations involving Parenting/Discipline and Ritual/Commemoration were small/unstable due to very low marker-present denominators (n = 4 and n = 2). The co-occurrence hub centred on Storytelling, Identity/Memory, Food-Security, and Hypervigilance, with Distrust and Scarcity as neighbours. Public testimony, handled ethically and systematically, can serve as a pragmatic indicator system to inform trauma-aware community practice and guide mixed-methods follow-ups. Funding This study is a part of the project, The impact of the genocidal trauma of the Holodomor on the mental health of Ukrainians: From transgenerational mechanisms to community-oriented interventions, Reg. No. 0125U001724, funded by the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine (2024-2025). Disclosure Statement The authors reported no potential conflict of interests.

This comprehensive psycholinguistic study examined linguistic markers of rumination among military personnel, aimed at identifying cognitive, emotional, and behavioural markers that reflect maladaptive thinking in the context of combat and post-combat experiences. The study involved a sample of 477 members of the Armed Forces of Ukraine (M = 39.18, SD = 9.1), who underwent psychodiagnostic assessment using the Ruminative Responses Scale and provided written or oral narratives analysed through content analysis methods. The findings indicated that ruminative thinking was represented through specific linguistic markers: introspective verbs (e.g., “to think,” “to reflect,” “to analyse”), emotionally charged vocabulary (e.g., “fatigue,” “loneliness,” “guilt”), interrogative constructions and rhetorical questions, as well as expressions of helplessness, self-evaluation, and social withdrawal. These markers were categorised into cognitive, emotional, and behavioural parameters. A comparative analysis before and after psychological intervention revealed an overall reduction in the intensity of rumination, particularly among respondents with initially low levels of ruminative tendency. In contrast, participants with moderate to high rumination levels exhibited only marginal improvement, suggesting the persistence of maladaptive thinking patterns. This highlighted the need for differentiated and prolonged approaches to psychological support. The results underscored the value of psycholinguistic analysis as a tool for psychological assessment and monitoring. Psycholinguistic markers of rumination may serve as a significant source of insight into the inner state of military personnel, capturing the dynamics of emotional exhaustion and cognitive entrapment. The proposed approach enhances traditional methods of psychological evaluation and offers a deeper understanding of adaptation or maladaptation mechanisms under combat stress. Acknowledgements The study was conducted as part of the fundamental research project of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine entitled Socio-psychological Rehabilitation of Veterans and Individuals Affected by Military Actions through the Development of Metacognitive Monitoring, Reg. No. 0123U101555), which is being carried out by the National University of Ostroh Academy, Ukraine. Disclosure Statement The authors reported no potential conflict of interests.

As artificial intelligence (AI) continues to redefine the boundaries of linguistic research, this study examines the extent to which machine translation (MT) and AI tools can go beyond literal meaning, push beyond surface-level syntax and semantics to process context-sensitive issues in literary translation. While traditional MT systems such as Google Translate and Microsoft Translator are optimized for direct source-to-target mapping, AI language models like ChatGPT represent a broader category of tools designed for general-purpose language generation, including but not limited to translation. Using a 14-line Arabic poem, translations were generated by three MT systems, one AI model (ChatGPT), and two certified human translators. These outputs were evaluated against ten linguistic and stylistic dimensions: punctuation, layout, rhyme, mood, theme, logico-semantics, transitivity, field, tenor, and mode. The six translation versions were compared using a framework grounded in systemic functional linguistics (SFL). The analysis also considers how humans process cognitive-linguistic features when rendering poetic language. Results indicate that ChatGPT outperformed both MT systems and human translators in structural and semantic coherence, as well as in preserving poetic features such as rhyme and mood. However, all automated systems struggled with context-rich dimensions like tenor and mode, underscoring the enduring value of human interpretive depth. The findings highlight the potential of AI language models to complement, rather than replace, human expertise in literary translation and advocate for hybrid approaches that integrate computational efficiency with poetic language and cultural sensitivity. Acknowledgements We would like to express our sincere appreciation to the human translators who contributed to this study by translating the selected poem from Arabic into English. We equally thank the two translation experts who contributed to the analysis of translations. Their careful attention to linguistic nuance and cultural context played a significant role in comparing the machine-generated and human-produced translations. The authors are thankful to the Deanship of Graduate Studies and Scientific Research at the University of Bisha for supporting this work through the Fast-Track Research Support Program. Disclosure Statement The authors reported no potential conflict of interests.

In any foreign language learning, speaking is an essential productive skill. Despite this, many foreign language learners demonstrate hesitancy to participate in classroom settings. This study explores the reasons behind this phenomenon in the English classroom. Using semi-structured interviews with two teachers and 20 Saudi tenth-grade learners of English, the study identified various barriers that shape students’ willingness to communicate (WTC), including psychological, linguistic, classroom, cultural, and pedagogical issues. The findings showed that fear of the consequences of making mistakes, anxiety, shyness, uneven classroom participation, and cultural beliefs inhibit students’ attempts to speak in the English classroom. On the other hand, teachers’ strategies, such as tolerating errors and implementing peer and small-group activities, promote students’ willingness to participate. The study highlights the need to provide low-anxiety, interactive, and culturally sensitive learning environments to enhance learners’ communicative abilities, turning reluctant learners into active speakers. Theoretically, the study helps bridge a gap in the existing literature on Saudi EFL learners’ WTC.

This study presents the adaptation and validation of The Employee Intrapreneurship Scale (EIS) for the Ukrainian context. The research was conducted during the period of large-scale social and economic transformations caused by the war in Ukraine, which highlighted the crucial role of employees’ proactive and innovative behaviour for the resilience and sustainability of organisations. The study involved 324 respondents from different sectors and types of organisations. A rigorous process of linguistic translation and expert evaluation was followed by statistical analyses of reliability and validity. The results confirmed the high internal consistency of the Ukrainian version of the scale (Cronbach’s α = 0.94; McDonald’s ω = 0.94) and sufficient discriminant validity of all items. Factor analyses demonstrated that a shortened two-factor Ukrainian model best fits the data, with “strategic renewal behaviour” and “venture behaviour” as core components. Convergent validity was supported by significant correlations with entrepreneurial self-efficacy, creativity, need for achievement, and risk-taking. The adapted Ukrainian version (EIS-UA) proved to be a reliable and valid instrument for measuring employees' intrapreneurial behaviour in Ukraine. The scale can be applied in organisational psychology research, HR practices, leadership development, particularly in contexts of crisis, innovation, and post-war recovery. Disclosure Statement The authors reported no potential conflict of interests.

This study explores the translation of non-verbal vocalisations in dubbing and examines their role in maintaining the authenticity and emotional depth of audiovisual performance. It addresses a notable gap in translation and psycholinguistic research by focusing on vocal behaviours such as swallowing, sneezing, stuttering, wheezing, laboured breathing, and groaning, which have often been neglected within studies of paralanguage and kinesics. The corpus was compiled from four seasons of Friends (1994–2004) and their Ukrainian-dubbed versions, obtained from the Kyivstar TV platform. It included 1,050 instances of non-verbal vocalisations along with their corresponding dubbing solutions. A mixed-methods approach was adopted. Qualitative analysis focused on contextual use and acoustic characteristics, while quantitative analysis employed a corpus-based design. Acoustic parameters, including pitch, duration, stress, and amplitude, were measured using Praat, and Audacity was used to isolate background audio from dubbed tracks. The analysis also drew on sound analysis, functional equivalence, error analysis, and contrastive analysis frameworks. The findings demonstrate that vegetative vocalisations, such as coughing, sneezing, and swallowing, were frequently modified or omitted in the Ukrainian dub, resulting in the loss of emotional and comedic nuance. Aural vocalisations, including wheezing and laboured breathing, were similarly underrepresented, reducing synchronisation with visual cues and weakening emotional resonance. The study concludes that preserving the acoustic and emotional integrity of non-verbal vocalisations is essential for achieving greater authenticity and expressiveness in audiovisual translation. Acknowledgements The study is carried out within the framework of the project "Methods and Tools for Optimising the Parameters and Resources of Electronic Communication Networks and Information and Communication Systems Using Artificial Intelligence (AI)" at the Educational and Scientific Institute of Information Technologies, State University of Information and Communication Technologies, Ukraine. Disclosure Statement The authors reported no potential conflict of interests.

Legal ambiguity is inherently intertwined with psycholinguistic ambiguity. The term ‘Bar’ in the Polish Law on the Bar carries multiple normative and cognitive meanings, rendering it highly polysemous. The aim of this study is to establish that the polysemantic concept of ‘the Bar’, as used in the Polish legal context, presents interpretative challenges best understood within an integrated framework of legal science, cognitive linguistics, and psycholinguistics. The objective is to demonstrate that interpretative challenges surrounding the term arise not only from legal drafting practices but also from the cognitive architecture that shapes how legal actors perceive, decode, and operationalise legal linguistic information. Three distinct meanings of the Bar emerge: the professional role of providing legal assistance, the community of lawyers and trainee lawyers, and the self-governing organisational structure. The analysis employs methods of formal-dogmatic interpretation combined with cognitive-semantic framework, including Rosch’s (1975) prototype theory, Langacker’s (2008) cognitive grammar, and Wróblewski’s (1959) theory of legal interpretation. Results demonstrate that the Bar functions as a cognitively structured legal category organised around a prototypical core (the individual advocate) with collective and institutional peripheral extensions. These meanings form context-dependent construals of a unified conceptual base rather than competing definitions. The analysis showed that, from the cognitive grammar perspective, the Bar as a profession of public trust, as a community of lawyers and as an institutional entity has personal, functional, and structural profiles. The study concludes that normative ambiguity should be treated as systematic polysemy, governed by prototype effects and domain activation, and that it requires psycholinguistically informed interpretation to achieve pragmatic clarity.