Background: Down syndrome children are a group of children with special needs caused by abnormalities in chromosomes that result in loss of skills and brain function. Songs are innovative health promotion media, songs can help children with Down syndrome increase motivation, concentration, perceptual abilities, as well as retention and memory skills including oral health behavior. Objective: Knowing the effect of using the song "SIKAT GIGIMU: Our Beautiful Smile with Healthy Teeth" on improving the oral health behavior of children with Down syndrome. Method: Using quasi-experimental research design with one group pre and posttest method. Results: Mann Whitney test obtained a significance value of 0.000 <0.05, meaning that there is an effect of using the song "SIKAT GIGIMU: Our Beautiful Smile with Healthy Teeth" on improving the oral health behavior of children with Down syndrome. Conclusion: The song "SIKAT GIGIMU: Our Beautiful Smile with Healthy Teeth" has an effect on improving the oral health behavior of children with Down syndrome. Keywords: down syndrome, oral health behavior, songs

Background: Dental professional students are at high risk of being infected with the Hepatitis B virus due to their exposure to saliva, blood and droplets during most dental procedures. Various preventive measures have been taken, including education and implementation of infection control precautions. Therefore, the perceptions of dental professional students can influence their behavior in preventing transmission of the Hepatitis B virus. The Health Belief Model was used to determine the perceptions of dental professional students regarding the prevention and transmission of the Hepatitis B virus. Purposes: To determine the perceptions of dental professional students regarding prevention and transmission of the Hepatitis B virus based on the Health Belief Model. Methods: This study employed a qualitative descriptive approach with in-depth interviews. Information was collected from 10 informants and 1 key informant through in-depth interviews. Results: 8 of 10 informants perceived high susceptibility to Hepatitis B due to patient contact. Prevention of the Hepatitis B virus provided benefits to the informants even though there were several obstacles to its implementation, such as unfavorable environmental factors and financial limitations. Despite environmental and financial barriers, strong self-efficacy and institutional cues supported preventive behaviors. These findings suggest that reinforcing institutional support and addressing external barriers may enhance preventive behaviors among dental professional students. Conclusion: Based on their perceptions, it is very possible for informants to maintain preventive behavior against the Hepatitis B virus inside and outside the hospital area. Keywords: Dental Professional Students, Health Belief Model, Hepatitis B, Perception, Prevention.

Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a gram-negative anaerobic bacteria and frequently associated with necrotic pulp infections. Necrotic pulp can be treated with root canal treatment (RCT). Sterilization of the root canal is one of the stages in RCT. The most used intracanal medicament in the sterilization stage of root canals is calcium hydroxide. This material may cause pulp irritation and inflammation in the surrounding tissues. These drawbacks are the reason for the necessity of alternative intracanal medicaments from natural materials such as ramania leaves (Bouea macrophylla Griffith). Flavonoids, saponins, tannins, steroids, and phenols are secondary metabolites derived from Ramania leaves that have been shown to have antibacterial properties. Purpose: To analyze the antibacterial effectiveness of ramania leaves extract gel (Bouea macrophylla Griffith) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Methods: Experimental study with a post-test only with control group design consisting of 5 treatment groups, namely ramania leaves extract gel with a concentration of 6,25%, 12,5%, 25%, 50%, and control (calcium hydroxide mixed with gel base) were repeated 5 times. The method used in the antibacterial test is using the agar well diffusion assay. Results: The Post-Hoc Bonferroni test confirmed statistically that there is significant differences among the treatment groups. Conclusion: The ramania leaves extract gel (Bouea macrophylla Griffith) at concentrations of 6.25%, 12.5%, 25%, and 50% has antibacterial potential against the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Keywords: antibacterial, bouea macrophylla griffith, intracanal medicament, necrotic pulp, pseudomonas aeruginosa, root canal treatment.

Background. Steven-Johnson Syndrome (SJS) is a hypersensitivity reaction characterized by acute blisters and necrosis of the skin and mucous membranes, triggered by drugs. This case occurs in 1 or 2: 1000,000 cases. Objectives. This case report aims to describe the role of NaCl 0,9% solution as one of the therapies in patients with oral lesions associated with SJS. A 40-year-old woman was consulted by the Internal Medicine Department with complaints of pain on lips approximately 3 days before, difficulty opening mouth and bleeding lips easily. Patients consumed Carbamazepin, Amitriptiline, Paracetamol, and Cefixime. Extraoral examination showed lips with erosive lesions accompanied by blackish sanguinolenta crusting, pain, tend to bleed. Intraoral examination showed white plaque on the dorsum of the tongue. The patient was diagnosed with oral lesions associated with SJS et causa Carbamazepin, and/or Amitriptiline and/or Cefixime, and/or Paracetamol. Treatment. Based on the diagnosis, the pharmacological management is intravenous dexamethasone 5mg by the Dermatology and Venereology division, while Oral Medicine treatment is compressing the lips with a NaCl 0,9% solution three times a day. After the 4th day of therapy, oral lesions were repaired. NaCl 0,9% solution as moist wound healing has the principle of moisturizing by keeping the condition of the wound base moist to facilitate cell migration at the base of the wound. The moist environment allows neutrophils and macrophages to migrate better so as to provide the best environment for the healing process. Conclusion. NaCl 0,9% has an important role in the oral lesions healing process in SJS. Keywords: haling lesions, NaCl 0,9%, steven-johnson syndrome.

Background: Bone regeneration is a process to repair bone structure but has limited reparative capacity because the bone resorption process occurs in line with the regeneration process. Bone graft application is required to minimize resorption and guide bone regeneration, including in alveolar bone after tooth extraction. Snakehead fish scales are known to contain hydroxyapatite components as an alternative bone graft material to increase fibroblasts in tooth sockets. Purpose: To determine the effect of sneakhead fish scale hydroxyapatite as an alternative bone graft material on the number of Wistar rat alveolar bone fibroblasts after tooth extraction. Methods: This study was in vivo laboratory experimental study, single blind, with a post test only control group design. The samples used were Wistar rat which were divided into 4 groups after tooth extraction, the treatment group (HAp) was given hydroxyapatite from snakehead fish scales for 7 and 14 days and the control group was given distilled water for 7 and 14 days. Euthanasia of rat was carried out on days 7 and 14, then the jaw was cut off and histopatological preparations were made. The number of fibroblast was counted and analyzed statistically. Results: The Independent T-test showed that the number of fibroblasts was higher in the treatment group than control (p-value>0,05). Conclusion: Hydroxyapatite from snakehead fish scales can significantly increase the number of fibroblasts in rat socket after tooth extraction. Keywords: bone regeneration, fibroblast, snakehead fish scale, tooth extraction, wistar rat

Background: Malignant lymphoma is a type of cancer caused by the proliferation of abnormal lymphocyte cells. In Indonesia, Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma is ranked seventh as the most common new malignancy, while Hodgkin's Lymphoma is ranked 27th. Information on malignant lymphoma in East Java, especially Surabaya, is still limited, especially for a period of more than five years. Therefore, a ten-year study was conducted to gain a more comprehensive understanding of its distribution and frequency. Purpose: To obtain an overview of the distribution and frequency level of malignant lymphoma cases at Dr. Soetomo Hospital, Surabaya in the period 2013-2023. Methods: This observational study with a descriptive approach involved 382 patients as samples, which were analyzed based on the variables of age, gender, type of work, area of residence, anatomical location of the tumor, and size of the tumor. Results: Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma was found to more dominant (59.4%) compared to Hodgkin's Lymphoma (40.6%). Cases were more common in men (57.3%) than women (42.7%), with the largest age group being in the range of 51–60 years. The majority of patients came from East Java Province, especially Surabaya, and were most often found in individuals working in the private sector (28.8%). The most common anatomical location was the nodal area, with the most common tumor size being less than 2 cm in diameter. Conclusion: This study presents the latest data on the distribution of malignant lymphoma at Dr. Soetomo Hospital, Surabaya and is expected to be a reference for further epidemiological research. Keywords: distribution, frequency, hodgkin lymphoma, malignant lymphoma, non-hodgkin lymphoma

Background: Correcting Class II malocclusion with mandibular retrusion is challenging for orthodontists due to its multiple etiologies, especially in growing patients. The two-phase treatment is often considered effective for managing skeletal class II malocclusions in growing patients. Early intervention with functional appliances, such as Twin block, can effectively redirect growth in the desired direction. Objectives: This case report aims to present a two-phase orthodontic treatment approach using a Twin Block appliance followed by fixed appliances in an 11-year-old male patient with skeletal Class II malocclusion. Case: An 11-year-old male patient was diagnosed with skeletal class II malocclusion with a convex facial profile, retrusive chin, significant overjet (12 mm) and protrusive maxillary incisor. Pre-treatment cephalometric analysis showed SNA: 81°; SNB: 74°; <I-NA: 40°; I-NA: 7mm. Skeletal maturation assessment indicated the patient was at the peak of pubertal growth. Managing cases: A two-phase treatment approach was planned. Phase I involved growth modification using a Twin block appliance. Phase II consisted of fixed orthodontic treatment using the MBT 0.022 bracket system. The treatment was carried out for approximately 27 months, resulting in achieving skeletal class I, class I molar and canine relationship, with overjet reduced to 4 mm. Post treatment cephalometric analysis showed SNA: 81°; SNB: 78°; <I-NA: 30°; I-NA: 5.5 mm. Conclusion: A two-phase treatment using Twin Block followed by fixed appliances proved effective in correcting skeletal class II malocclusion with retrognathic mandible in growing patient. The treatment achieved normal occlusion, marked improvement in facial profile and patient satisfied with the result. Keywords: growing patient, mandibular retrusion, skeletal class II, twin block.

Background: Wounds are disruptions caused by chemical or physical trauma, resulting in tissue damage. During the healing process of oral mucosal wounds, the body initiates defensive and protective immune responses against injury. The acute inflammatory phase is the initial stage of wound healing, marked by the body’s response to injury within a few hours. Lymphocyte cells play a crucial role in the inflammatory phase as part of the adaptive immune system in wound healing. Secondary metabolites in the ironwood bark extract gel, such as proanthocyanidins, phenolics, and flavonoids, function as immunomodulators to enhance immune activity and act as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agents to accelerate wound healing. Purpose: To prove the effect of ironwood bark extract gel at concentrations 5%, 12.5%, and 20% on lymphocyte cell number in the buccal mucosa incision wounds of male Wistar rats on days 3, 5, and 7. Methods: This study employed a pure experimental design with a post-test only with a control group design, using 36 male Wistar rats divided into treatment and negative control groups. Results: Two-way ANOVA tests revealed significant effects based on treatment and observation days (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Ironwood bark extract gel at concentrations of 5%, 12.5%, and 20% increased lymphocyte cell number on day 3, peaked on day 5 and decreased on day 7 compared to the control group (gel base). Keywords: eusideroxylon zwageri gel, lymphocyte cells, oral mucosal wound healing,

Background: Class II subdivision malocclusions in skeletal class I, characterized with a class II relation on the left side and class I on the right side along with retroclined central incisors; Case: This case presenting a 13 years-old female patient class II subdivision in skeletal class I, with severe anterior and posterior crowding, anterior crossbite, right posterior scissor bite, upper midline shift to the right, SNA 80o, dental arch asymmetry, SNB 77o, Wit’s appraisal 3 mm. Managing case: MBT.022 fixed appliances was used for this treatment, include extraction, alignment, levelling, protracting buccal segment. Resulting clockwise mandibular movement, anterior and posterior crowding, anterior crossbite, scissors bite was corrected, upper midline co-incide with lower midline, class I canine and molar, good interdigitation, and improved smile aesthetic. Treatment was completed in 31 months. Hawley retainer was use as a retention; Conclusion: This case report highlights a satisfying result of orthodontic treatment in Class II subdivision with extraction and protracting the posterior teeth and the importance of identifying the etiology in arch asymmetry cases. Keywords: class II subdivision, dental asymmetry, severe crowding

Background: Dry mouth is one of the hallmark symptoms in Sjogren’s disease. Dry mouth can be described as xerostomia and hyposalivation. Hyposalivation is objectively measured while xerostomia is subjective complaint which only can be measured using questionnaire. Purpose: To check the validity and reliability of Summated Xerostomia Inventory Indonesian Version (SXI-ID) in Sjogren’s disease patients. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study including Sjogren’s disease patients in Yayasan Sjogren’s Disease Indonesia. Data were collected using Google Form and analyzed using SPSS. Results: The result of validity test using Cronbach alpha was 0.83 and reliability test using interclass correlation coefficient was 0.98. Conclusion: Summated Xerostomia Inventory Indonesian Version (SXI-ID) is valid and reliable to be used among Sjogren’s disease patients. Keywords: hyposalivation, indonesia, sjogren’s disease, summated xerostomia inventory, validity and reliability, xerostomia