Resistant pathogen's potential reservoirs include patients and the general community, health care centres as well as food-producing animals.Moist, warm environments (intestine, sewage and sludge) with abundant nutrients that contain a large gene pool (high numbers of microbial cells) are ideal locations for efficient development and transmission of resistance genes, potentially mobilized to the clinically relevant strains.Stressor nutrient concentration determines the resultant antimicrobial pathogens.Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens include Extended-spectrum $-lactamase, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus, Vancomycinresistant Staphylococcus aureus, Glycopeptide-resistant Enterococci, Fluoroquinolone-resistant and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Penicillin-and cephalosporin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae.These pathogens may exist in the environment as small colony variants or as persister cells.The interchange of the microbiome from one environment to another different from the original habitat is essential to pathogen breeding and mutations that lead to drug resistance.The intensity of antimicrobial use is proportional to the emergence and prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant organisms.

Background and Objective: Silver carp is considered one of the most cultivated farm fish of Bangladesh but bacterial diseases like fin and tail rot disease make it difficult for the farmers to maintain the silver carp properly. Therefore, this study tried to isolate and detect bacteria from the tail and fin rot disease-infected silver carp collected from the Sylhet Region of Bangladesh. Materials and Methods: Isolated bacteria were subjected to different morphological and biochemical tests for their preliminary identification. The recovered isolates were then sequenced for the 16S rRNA to confirm identification and to understand subsequent evolution using phylogenetic relationships. In addition, antibiotic sensitivity of the isolated strains was carried out to screen potential antibiotics against those foes. Results: The biochemical test and the molecular identification confirmed the presence of Kurthia gibsonii (Accession Number: MN658386), Klebsiella pneumoniae (Accession Number: MN658387) and Bacillus subtilis (Accession Number: MN658386) in the diseased fish. The antibiogram test revealed that all three isolates were susceptible to cefotaxime and kanamycin. However, the isolated strains also exhibited resistance to particular antibiotics at certain degrees which indicated the probable failure of those antibiotics to combat those pathogens. Conclusion: The detection and antibiogram profiling of isolated bacteria from tail and fin rot diseased silver carp will help to identify proper treatment options against this disease.

Background and Objective: Escherichia coli and Salmonella species are major microbes that badly affect poultry.Various antibiotics are being used to control them and subsequently, antibiotic resistance is increased.Bacteriophages are better alternatives to control resistant E. coli and Salmonella species.Bacteriophages of choice are expected in the environment of their host bacteria.The present study aims to isolate bacteriophages of Escherichia coli and Salmonella species from poultry samples.Materials and Methods: Poultry litter samples were collected and isolated strains of E. coli and Salmonella species, were evaluated for their antibiotic resistance pattern and used to isolate the bacteriophages.Poultry litter aqueous suspension was filtered with 0.2 µ syringe filters and used as a phage source.Results: Isolated E. coli phage is specific to the isolated five strains of E. coli, having burst size of 120 plaque forming units per cell, tolerant to salt concentration 0.5-1.5%,temperature 37-40EC, pH 4-8 and found to be a tadpole shaped measuring a diameter of 647 nm and long non-contractile tail of 125 nm.Isolated Salmonella phage is specific to the isolated six strains of Salmonella, having burst size of 211 PFU per cell, tolerant to salt concentration 0.5-1.5%,temperature 37-40EC, pH 4-8 and found to be tadpole-shaped measuring icosahedral head of 60 nm in diameter and a tail of 32 nm in length.Conclusion: The isolated E. coli and Salmonella phages are specific to only E. coli and Salmonella, respectively.These phages can be used in poultry to control E. coli and Salmonella.

Background and Objective: African swine fever is a highly contagious viral disease that affects domestic pigs and it is characterized by fever, blotching of skin, hemorrhage of the lymph nodes, internal organs and the gastrointestinal tract. Management of viral diseases require the immune system of the organism and the use of antibiotics to control secondary infections. This study determined the antibiotic susceptibility of fastidious and non-fastidious bacteria isolated from pigs infected with African swine fever to standard antibiotics and Luwine (a local herbal medicine prepared from the root of Sarcocephalus latifolius and dry bark peels of Pseudocedrela kotschyi used by farmers to control Africa swine fever in Navrongo, Ghana. Materials and Methods: The disc diffusion method was used for the antibiotic susceptibility test. The non-fastidious and fastidious bacteria were tested against 8 antibiotics and Luwine. Results: The non-fastidious and fastidious bacteria were all resistant to Luwine. The non-fastidious bacteria were highly susceptible to azithromycin (100%), gentamicin (100%) and amoxycillin/clavulanic acid (80%) but resistant to teicoplanin (70%). The fastidious bacteria were highly susceptible to gentamicin (70%) and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (70%) but resistant to ceftriaxone (100%), teicoplanin (100%) and chloramphenicol (80%). Intermediate resistant occurred for all the antibiotics except azithromycin and gentamicin for non-fastidious bacteria. Intermediate resistant also occurred for all the antibiotics except ceftriaxone and teicoplanin for fastidious bacteria. Multidrug resistant occurred between the non-fastidious (50%) and fastidious (90%) bacteria. The non-fastidious bacteria exhibited 8 different antibiotic resistant patterns. The fastidious bacteria exhibited 10 different antibiotic resistant patterns. Multiple antibiotic index (MAR) ranged from 0.13-0.50 and 0.25-0.75 for non-fastidious and fastidious bacteria, respectively. Conclusion: The non-fastidious bacteria were generally more resistant than the fastidious bacteria. Luwine was not effective against the bacteria associated with African swine fever infection. Among the antibiotics, gentamicin was the best for controlling bacteria associated with African swine fever pigs.