Introduction: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations are a major contributor to long-term functional decline and healthcare burden. It is well established that patients often fail to recover baseline lung function following severe exacerbations. Re-cent trials have highlighted the role of type 2 inflammation in a subset of COPD patients and the therapeutic potential of dupilumab, a monoclonal antibody targeting IL-4/IL-13 pathways. However, its role in the post-exacerbation phase remains unexplored. Case Presentation: We report the case of a 79-year-old woman with severe COPD (GOLD stage III) and a history of two moderate exacerbations in the previous year. She was initiated on compassionate-use dupilumab after meeting eosinophilic criteria (0.33 × 10⁹/L). Baseline spirometry revealed a fixed ratio of 0.32, FEV₁ 0.49 L (30% predicted), and FVC 1.53 L (71%). Thirteen days after the first injection (March 2025), she was admitted with acute res-piratory failure and managed with non-invasive ventilation and high-dose corticosteroids in the ICU. She avoided intubation and was discharged clinically stable on home oxygen. At follow-up (April 10), spirometry showed significant improvement: FEV₁ 0.71 L (42%) and FVC 2.14 L (105%). At three months, FEV₁ remained improved (0.61 L / 36%) with a fixed ratio of 0.44. This case demonstrates an unexpected functional improvement following a se-vere exacerbation, contrary to the established lung function decline described in studies, such as WISDOM. The marked recovery in FEV₁ suggests a potential early therapeutic effect of dupilumab, possibly modulating type 2 inflammation even in the context of acute decompen-sation. The patient’s trajectory, including avoidance of mechanical ventilation and improved functional capacity, supports emerging evidence for biologic therapies in eosinophilic COPD. Conclusion: This report suggests a promising role of dupilumab in managing eosinophilic COPD beyond chronic phases, including acute exacerbations. Controlled studies are war-ranted to explore early biologic intervention and personalize COPD treatment pathways.

Introduction: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a major health prob-lem with a high incidence rate. Dandelion (Taraxacum peregrinum), a member of the Aster-aceae family, is widely used in traditional medicine for its therapeutic properties. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of GHASEDAK dandelion herbal capsules on liver fibrosis and function in patients with NAFLD. Methods: This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, single-center clinical trial. 50 eligible patients (25 per group) with grade 2 or 3 NAFLD (confirmed by laboratory tests and ultrasound) were randomized to receive either 300 mg dandelion capsules (900 mg/day; 3 capsules) or a matching placebo for 12 weeks, alongside lifestyle manner. Liver fibrosis (FibroScan®) and liver enzyme levels were assessed at baseline and after the inter-vention. Data were analyzed using t-tests and chi-square tests. Results: In the dandelion group, mean liver fibrosis decreased from 6.97±1.57 to 5.87±1.36 (P< 0.0001). Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) decreased from 62.52±21.24 to 41.92±12.35, and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) from 46.68±18.01 to 28.24±8.07 (both P< 0.0001). Conclusion: Daily consumption of 900 mg of dandelion capsules, combined with lifestyle modification, significantly reduced liver fibrosis and serum liver enzyme levels in patients with NAFLD compared with the control group.

Introduction: Glaucoma is a common eye condition characterized by elevated in-traocular pressure (IOP), which can lead to gradual vision loss or serious ocular issues. An effective dosage form is needed to address challenges, such as poor bioavailability and short retention time on the ocular surface. The current study aims to develop a sustained-release in-situ gel formulation by modifying its polymeric composition, thereby overcoming the bar-riers of existing ocular drug delivery systems. Methods: The formulations were prepared using the cold method and optimized with experi-mental design software to assess the effect of different concentrations, with viscosity as the dependent variable. The optimized formulation (S2) was tested for clarity, viscosity, pH, gel-ling capacity, rheological behavior, and drug–polymer interactions in-vitro, ex-vivo, and in-vivo. Results: The in-situ gel was transparent, with a pH of 7.1, viscosity of 16327 CP, and trans-formed from sol to gel at ocular pH. Additionally, the formulation demonstrated sustained drug release in both in vitro and in vivo studies, yielding a favorable result in reducing IOP. Discussion: Among all the polymers used in the formulation, Aristoflex and sodium alginate make an excellent formulation with a more extended gelling period and increased ocular res-idence. Conclusion: The optimized formulation (S2), unlike traditional eye drops, may offer im-proved ocular delivery at lower doses and enhance patient compliance.

Abstract: Microgreens are emerging as highly nutritious, functional foods, gaining signifi-cant popularity among younger generations due to their high concentration of bioactive com-pounds. Varieties such as lettuce, spinach, radish, cabbage, and mustard are particularly noted for their nutraceutical properties. These miniature greens are known to contain anti-oxidants, vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals that may contribute to the management of various health conditions, including Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS). PCOS is a mul-tifaceted endocrine disorder commonly affecting women of reproductive age and is charac-terized by hormonal imbalances, irregular menstrual cycles, elevated androgen levels, and the formation of multiple cysts in the ovaries. This condition often results in impaired ovu-lation, reduced fertility, and increased risk of metabolic complications. Although the cause of PCOS is not fully understood, hormonal dysregulation is believed to play a central role. Incorporating microgreens into the diet may help regulate hormonal levels, support repro-ductive health, and manage metabolic disturbances associated with PCOS. Early dietary and lifestyle interventions are crucial for minimizing the impact of this disorder. This review highlights the potential of microgreens as natural, plant-based dietary components in the holistic management of PCOS symptoms.

introduction: Diazinon (DZN), a high-use herbicide, is commonly used in agri-culture and has been shown to have adverse effects on various organs in humans. In the present experiments, we studied the effects of vitamin D on DZN-induced oxidative stress in the liver tissue of rats. materials and methods: A total of 24 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups of six: the control group (received corn oil), the Vitamin D group (orally received 0.2 mg/kg/day), the DZN group (orally received 70 mg/kg/day), and the treatment group (received DZN 70 mg/kg/day plus Vitamin D 0.2 mg/kg/day). On the 29th day, the animals were sacrificed, and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels in the serum were evaluated. Also, malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total thiol group (TTG), Glutathione peroxidase (GPX), Superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) levels were evaluated in the serum and homogenized liver tissue. Histopathological changes in liver tissues were studied using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining slides. Data were described as mean ± standard error using the SPSS-20 software. p <0.05 was considered statistically significant. results: DZN significantly increased ALT, AST, and ALP levels may indicate liver damage. In addition, DZN increases the MDA levels accompanied by a reduction of CAT, TAC, SOD, GPX, and TTG levels in the serum and liver. In contrast, Vitamin D significantly reversed the status of liver functions, oxidative damage, and depletion of antioxidant activities due to DZN hepatotoxicity. Also, these finding was correlated well with histopathological changes. discussion: Hepatic failure and oxidative stress were found to be mediated by DZN. How-ever, vitamin D treatment may be useful in monitoring DZN toxicity through a free radical scavenging mechanism. A key limitation of this study is the lack of investigation into the molecular mechanisms underlying the observed effects. Further research should focus on elucidating these pathways in greater detail. conclusion: Diazinon causes oxidative stress in liver tissue by generating free radicals and altering the function of antioxidant enzymes. Because vitamin D strengthens the antioxidant enzymes in liver tissue, it effectively prevents oxidative damage and liver damage brought on by DZN.

Introduction: Schizophrenia is a typical psychotic disorder, also known as a split mind disorder, characterized by symptoms like delusions, hallucinations, and lack of insight. Chlorproma-zine HCl is an antipsychotic medication commonly used to treat schizophrenia. The drug has an ex-tensive hepatic first-pass metabolism and poor bioavailability. In addition, it is poorly permeable, resulting from its hydrophilicity. Methods: A niosomal in-situ nasal gel loaded with chlorpromazine HCl was developed for brain delivery in the current study. The thin-film hydration method was used to formulate noisome, 32 randomized full factorial design was used for optimization. They were evaluated for in-vitro drug release, zeta potential, EE%, particle size, and shape and morphology. To create an in-situ gel, these noisome were subsequently incorporated into a Carbopol-934P and HPMC-K4M liquid gelling solu-tion. Results: The vesicle size ranged from 111.3 nm to 171.4 nm, with the optimized F5 batch having a zeta potential of -32.0 mV. Entrapment efficiency ranged from 74.71% to 91.78%, and cumulative percent release ranged from 83.83% to 95.61%. Ex-vivo studies showed 93.74% drug permeation through sheep nasal mucosa after 8 hours. Discussion: The nasal niosomal in-situ gel of chlorpromazine HCl offers a promising approach for targeted brain delivery in schizophrenia, improving drug retention and patient compliance. Its poten-tial for rapid relief makes it suitable for patients with poor oral absorption or compliance, and may help reduce hospital admissions during acute episodes. Conclusion: This research demonstrated that niosomes have the potential for intranasal delivery of Chlorpromazine HCl, offering advantages over conventional formulations.

With increasing mortality and morbidity, leishmaniasis remains a global health burden. The lack of vaccines and limited drug options for treatment, each with low efficacy and severe toxicities, highlights the urgent need for new therapeutics. Our review of 260 articles (1981-2025) provides comprehensive insights, emphasizing the critical identifica-tion and characterization of viable biological targets in Leishmania for efficient drug devel-opment. We summarize the various strategies utilized in the drug design pipeline, detailing how these approaches have revealed key biological targets involved in parasite survival, virulence, and pathogenesis, and have identified promising inhibitors across metabolic and non-metabolic pathways. We report the biochemical reactions and inhibitory activities (IC50) of these compounds against their respective targets. Additionally, we outline the synthetic strategies for key chemotypes and identify ongoing challenges and future directions in an-tileishmanial agent research. Importantly, our review evaluates multitarget inhibitors, high-lighting their pros and cons and proposing actionable steps to leverage these molecules to overcome leishmaniasis.

Background: Cinnamomum impressinervium (Lauraceae), locally known as tejiya, is an underexplored plant with potential therapeutic significance. Traditional claims suggest its use in treating metabolic and inflammatory conditions, yet limited scientific vali-dation exists. Given the global burden of diabetes and chronic inflammation, identifying safe and affordable plant-derived alternatives remains a priority. Objective: This study evaluates the in vitro antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities of C. impressinervium leaf extracts using α-amylase inhibition and protein denaturation assays. Methods: Aqueous, methanolic, chloroform, and n-hexane extracts were prepared via hot percolation. Extracts were tested for α-amylase inhibition (100–500 μg/mL) using acarbose as a positive control, and for protein denaturation inhibition (10–100 μg/mL) using diclofenac as a reference. Each experiment was performed in triplicate, and results were expressed as mean ± SD. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test (p < 0.05). Results: Aqueous extracts exhibited the strongest α-amylase inhibition (40.64–77.67% across doses), followed by methanolic extracts (31.87–71.56%). In protein denaturation assays, aqueous (62.38%) and methanolic (61.07%) extracts demonstrated significant inhibition at 100 μg/mL compared to chloroform (22.62%) and n-hexane (17.17%). Positive controls showed higher inhibition values, validating assay reliability. Conclusion: Findings indicate that aqueous and methanolic extracts of C. impressinervium possess notable in vitro antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory properties, likely due to their phy-toconstituents. Further studies on phytochemical profiling, mechanism elucidation, and in vivo validation are warranted to develop standardized formulations

Introduction: In this case report, we present the case of a 69-year-old man with type II diabetes who developed gynecomastia after taking sitagliptin as antidiabetic treatment. Case Presentation: A 69-year-old man with type II diabetes mellitus, who had been receiving a com-bination tablet containing sitagliptin 50 mg and metformin 1000 mg twice daily as antidiabetic ther-apy, developed breast enlargement after two months of treatment. No gynecomastia was reported during pretreatment or post-treatment observation. Furthermore, he did not take drugs causing gyne-comastia; he intended to stop this treatment and switch to another one. Conclusion: According to the report, gynecomastia in this patient may be related to the use of sitagliptin. Further studies are important to ensure this effect.

Introduction: Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) is a key factor in communication between cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), and cancer cells, enhancing cancer cell survival. CAFs produce IGF2, which activates signaling pathways in cancer cells and has immunosuppressive effects. IGF-binding protein 6 (IGFBP6) is a specific IGF2 inhibitor that affects tumor behavior. Previous findings linked low IGFBP6 expression in triple‑negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells to increased metastatic potential. Method: Single-cell RNA-seq and mRNA bulk sequencing of tumors from the Cancer Genome Atlas portal were analyzed. Results: CAFs were the primary IGF2-producing population, accounting for 66.5% of IGF2-positive tumor cells. IGFBP6-positive cells were distributed between CAFs (48%) and cancer cells (30%). IGF2 was mainly expressed in CAFs and vascular cells; IGFBP6 was expressed in a broader range of cells. A negative correlation between IGFBP6 expression and macro-phage proportion was observed in breast cancer samples. Higher macrophage content in tumors was found to be associated with earlier disease recurrence. Discussion: The findings supported a stromal‑led paracrine circuit in which CAF–derived IGF2 was locally buffered by IGFBP6 6 from stromal and cancer compartments, reducing free ligand and macrophage accumulation. This axis offers mechanistic insight into immune re-modeling and may explain links between low IGFBP6, increased macrophages, and earlier recurrence. Conclusion: CAFs are the principal source of IGF2 in TNBC, and higher IGFBP6 expression associates with fewer tumor macrophages and delayed recurrence, highlighting the CAF–IGF2–IGFBP6–macrophage pathway as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target.