When performing successive recall tests without restudy, subjects' recalls exhibit intriguing variability across tests, including gaining or losing items across tests. To examine the cognitive mechanisms underlying this variability, research has focused primarily on hypermnesia, the finding that recall performance increases across tests (Erdelyi & Becker, 1974). Hypermnesia studies commonly consider conditions that impact recall levels of items gained across tests versus items maintained across tests. By contrast, analyses of recall clustering in hypermnesia studies typically collapse across maintained items and item gains. Here, I examine associative processes separately for item gains and maintained items. Experiment 1 examines these effects in final free recall, a paradigm also used to examine changes in recall across tests but less commonly linked with hypermnesia, whereas Experiment 2 uses a classic hypermnesia design. In both experiments, subjects exhibited significant temporal and semantic clustering for maintained items, but there was less evidence of these associations supporting item gains. In Experiment 1, transitions to maintained items boasted a greater proportion of same-list transitions than item gains, and in Experiment 2, there were no significant clustering effects to item gains on a test producing hypermnesia. Further, in Experiment 1, subjects exhibiting greater list-level temporal clustering of maintained items also maintained more items across tests. The results highlight the importance of episodic and semantic associations to changes in recall across tests and have implications for current theories of hypermnesia. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

ABSTRACT The U.S. faces a behavioral health crisis exacerbated by workforce shortages, particularly in addressing substance use and opioid use disorders (SUD/OUD). The federally funded Opioid Workforce Expansion Program (OWEP) aims to expand the workforce through specialized training and financial incentives for graduate-level students. This mixed-methods study evaluates the OWEP-funded training program for MSW students (N = 52) in [state] from 2019 to 2022. Using SAMHSA’s adapted TAP-21, a comprehensive overview of SUD knowledge, skills, and attitudinal competencies, retrospective pretest–posttest surveys revealed statistically significant competency improvements, particularly in understanding addiction and application to practice. Qualitative findings describe how students’ experiences were altered by COVID-19 and underscored how students’ practicum experiences deepened their SUD/OUD knowledge, preparation, and professional identities. Financial stipends motivated student participation, highlighting the role of financial incentives to address workforce shortages. While the OWEP demonstrated success, sustained efforts are needed to expand and maintain the SUD/OUD workforce to meet increasing treatment demands.

ABSTRACT This paper considers a spatial lag model with a complete bipartite network weighting matrix which is important in network theory. We show that two-stage least squares is equivalent to ordinary least squares and both estimators are inconsistent for the cross-section data case. This result has also been derived for the spatial lag model with an equal weight matrix by Kelejian and Prucha in 2002. We also show that the fixed effects two-stage least squares estimator is consistent in case we have panel data and the spatial lag model includes time fixed effects. This is different from the result for an equal weight matrix derived by Kelejian et al. in 2006.

PurposeFew existing interventions have effectively improved the quality of life (QOL) for patients with advanced cancer and their caregivers, partly due to limited research on the factors associated with QOL. Guided by an adapted stress-coping model, this study aimed to examine the associations between the QOL of cancer patients and their caregivers and their primary and secondary appraisals. Primary appraisals involve perceptions and evaluations of advanced cancer and related caregiving, while secondary appraisals relate to their available resources and coping capabilities.MethodsUsing multi-level modeling, we conducted a secondary analysis of the baseline data collected from a randomized clinical trial that examined the effects of a family-based, psychoeducational support program for patients with advanced cancer and their caregivers (N = 362 dyads).ResultsThe appraisal variables hypothesized in the adapted stress-coping model explained 74.14% of the variance in the QOL of patients with advanced cancer and their caregivers when controlling for demographics and other disease-related variables. Better QOL in patients and caregivers was associated with less negative appraisals of illness/caregiving, less uncertainty and hopelessness, less avoidant coping strategies, more family support, more health behaviors, higher self-efficacy, and more active coping strategies.ConclusionOur study highlights the significant impact that advanced cancer has on patients and their caregivers’ perceptions, responses to the illness, and QOL. Future interventions may benefit from addressing illness/caregiving appraisals, uncertainty, hopelessness, family support, health behaviors, self-efficacy, and coping strategies. However, further research is needed to determine the effectiveness of interventions specifically targeting these factors.

Purpose of ReviewObesity is a global health crisis affecting individuals across all age groups, significantly increasing the risk of metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes (T2D), metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), and cardiovascular diseases. The World Health Organization reported in 2022 that 2.5 billion adults were overweight, with 890 million classified as obese, emphasizing the urgent need for effective interventions. A critical aspect of obesity’s pathophysiology is meta-inflammation—a chronic, systemic low-grade inflammatory state driven by excess adipose tissue, which disrupts metabolic homeostasis. This review examines the role of autolysosomal dysfunction in obesity-related metabolic disorders, exploring its impact across multiple metabolic organs and evaluating potential therapeutic strategies that target autophagy and lysosomal function.Recent FindingsEmerging research highlights the importance of autophagy in maintaining cellular homeostasis and metabolic balance. Obesity-induced lysosomal dysfunction impairs the autophagic degradation process, contributing to the accumulation of damaged organelles and toxic aggregates, exacerbating insulin resistance, lipotoxicity, and chronic inflammation. Studies have identified autophagic defects in key metabolic tissues, including adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, liver, pancreas, kidney, heart, and brain, linking autophagy dysregulation to the progression of metabolic diseases. Preclinical investigations suggest that pharmacological and nutritional interventions—such as AMPK activation, caloric restriction mimetics, and lysosomal-targeting compounds—can restore autophagic function and improve metabolic outcomes in obesity models.SummaryAutolysosomal dysfunction is a pivotal contributor to obesity-associated metabolic disorders , influencing systemic inflammation and metabolic dysfunction. Restoring autophagy and lysosomal function holds promise as a therapeutic strategy to mitigate obesity-driven pathologies. Future research should focus on translating these findings into clinical applications, optimizing targeted interventions to improve metabolic health and reduce obesity-associated complications.