Brain arteriovenous malformation (bAVM) is a rare vascular disorder that can lead to severe neurological symptoms. The molecular mechanisms driving bAVM development and progression of bAVM remain poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the molecular changes potentially associated with bAVM pathogenesis by performing RNA-seq on human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1) overexpressing KRAS, a key driver of BAVM. HMEC-1 cells overexpressing KRAS were established as an in vitro model of bAVM. RNA-seq were conducted and transcriptomic analysis revealed that differentially expressed genes in HMEC-1 cells overexpressing KRAS were predominantly enriched in pathways related to cell adhesion, signaling, and transport, which may contribute to bAVM pathogenesis. Specifically, upregulated genes were mainly located in the cell-substrate junctions and focal adhesion, whereas downregulated genes were primarily located in the ribosomal subunits, ribosome, mitochondrial protein complex, and mitochondrial inner membrane. Our findings provided a preliminary delineation of molecular mechanisms after KRAS overexpression in endothelial cells, which may contribute to the development of bAVM. Future work will focus on validating these results in clinical specimens, functionally characterizing the dysregulated pathways, and exploring their potential as novel therapeutic targets.

Recurrent craniopharyngiomas pose high risks of postoperative visual dysfunction (POVD) during surgery. The current study aimed to explore the application value of intraoperative visual evoked potential (VEP) monitoring during the extended endonasal endoscopic approach (EEEA) for recurrent craniopharyngiomas. A total of 42 patients with recurrent craniopharyngiomas undergoing EEEA with VEP monitoring were analyzed. The amplitude reduction ratios of N75-P100 and P100-N145 were calculated, and their predictive values for POVD were evaluated using group comparisons, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, and binary logistic regression analysis. POVD was observed in 8 eyes (8/84, 9.52%) from 7 patients (7/42, 16.67%). Eyes with POVD exhibited significantly greater N75-P100 and P100-N145 amplitude reduction ratios than those without (p < 0.001 and p = 0.002, respectively). The threshold values of the two ratios for predicting POVD were 36.59% (AUC 0.862, p < 0.001) and 36.65% (AUC 0.791, p=0.007), respectively. Multivariate analysis identified that abnormal N75-P100 change was the sole independent predictor of POVD (Odds ratio 9.257, 95% Confidence interval 1.124-76.263; p = 0.039). Intraoperative VEP monitoring was particularly recommended for patients undergoing EEEA for recurrent craniopharyngiomas. A one-third reduction in N75-P100 amplitude was proposed as an early warning criterion for VEP monitoring in this patient population.

To summarize the clinical and radiological outcomes of a novel cerebral revascularization technique based on the superficial temporal artery patency concept (STAPC) in patients with moyamoya disease (MMD). A retrospective review was conducted of adult patientswith MMD treated at Beijing Hospital and Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital between January 2019 and December 2021. The cohort comprised 170 patients who underwent superficial temporal artery-middle cerebral artery bypass with encephalo-duro-arterio-synangiosis (EDAS) (STA-MCA/EDAS), and 133 who underwent EDAS alone. Radiological follow-up included computed tomography (CT) angiography (CTA) to assess bypass patency and CT perfusion (CTP) for hemodynamic staging at 3 and 12 months post-revascularization. Clinical follow-up recorded perioperative complications and recurrent stroke eventsthat occurred > 12months postoperativerly. Of the 303 patients, 37 cases (12.21%) had perioperative complications including 27 cases (15.9%) inthe STA-MCA/EDAS group and 10 cases (7.5%) in the EDAS group. Perfusion improvement was observed in 23.76% ofpatients (25.7% in the STA-MCA/EDAS group and 17.8% in the EDAS group) at 3monthspostsurgical, and in40.17% ofpatients (48.68% in the STA-MCA/EDAS group and 24.39% in the EDAS group) at 12monthspostsurgical. Bypass patency was observed in 95.29% ofpatients (96.1% in the STA-MCA/EDAS group and 93.5% in the EDAS group) at 3monthspostoperative, andin 96.43% patients (95.2% in the STA-MCA/EDAS group and 97.1% in the EDAS group) at 12monthspostoperative. Of the 249 patients with a median follow-up period of 50months (range 12-70months), 40 cases (16.06%, 3.85% per year) had recurrent stroke events including 22 (15.41%, 3.69% per year) in the STA-MCA/EDAS group and 18 (16.67%, 3.91% per year) in the EDAS group. Cerebral revascularization using STAPC is an acceptable surgical strategy for preventing stroke recurrence in patientswith MMD.

BackgroundTo validate the clinical safety and efficacy of a domestically produced robotic-assisted system (YDHB-NS01) for cerebral angiography and to review the current status, advantages, and challenges of robot-assisted technology in cerebrovascular interventions.MethodsFrom May to October 2025, 25 consecutive patients who underwent robotic-assisted cerebral angiography and 25 consecutive patients who underwent manual cerebral angiography at our center were prospectively enrolled. The primary endpoints were technical success rate and clinical success rate. Secondary endpoints included procedure time, fluoroscopy time, radiation dose, contrast volume, total angiography room time, device performance evaluation, and complication rate. Additionally, a literature review was conducted to summarize the applications and developments of various robotic systems in neurointervention.ResultsAll 50 (25 in the robotic-assisted group and 25 in the manual group) procedures were successfully completed with a 100% technical success rate. There were no differences between the two groups in patients’ demographic data, fluoroscopy time, patient radiation dose, contrast agent dose, or total angiography room time (all p > 0.05). The robotic-assisted group had a shorter procedure time than the manual group (27 [15, 143] vs. 38 [21, 105], p = 0.005). A learning curve for the robotic-assisted system was observed. The robotic-assisted system operated stably without malfunctions. No procedure-related or device-related complications occurred.ConclusionThe preliminary clinical application demonstrates that the YDHB-NS01 robot-assisted system is feasible for diagnostic cerebral angiography and shows early indications of safety and comparable procedural performance to those of conventional manual methods. Given the small, single-center cohort and the exploratory nature of this study, larger multicenter controlled trials are required to confirm these findings.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s41016-026-00426-w.

BackgroundDetermining the location of paraclinoid aneurysms (PAs) is crucial. We aimed to evaluate the utility of paraclinoid high-resolution MRI (HRMRI) in determining PA locations.MethodsWe enrolled patients with suspected PAs who underwent our HRMRI sequence in 6 months. PAs were categorized into five types based on their origin from the internal carotid artery (ICA): Superior ophthalmic segment (Type S), Ventral ophthalmic segment (Type V), Medial clinoidal segment (Type M), Lateral clinoidal segment Type L, and Posterior clinoidal segment) (Type P). The paraclinoid HRMRI protocol included five main sequences: TOF-MRA, coronal and saggital high-resolution T2-weighted images, coronal and saggital enhanced high-resolution T1-weighted images. We utilized cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) notch and cavernous sinus enhanced signals to determine the location of PAs.ResultsSixty-nine patients with 75 PAs were included. Based on our classification, there were 10 Type S, 2 Type V, 45 Type M, 11 Type L, and 7 Type P PAs. Among the Type S PAs, 9 were fully located within the subarachnoid space, and 1 was in the juncture area. Both Type V PAs were situated within the cavernous sinus. Among the Type M PAs, 34 were located in the cavernous sinus, and 1 was in the juncture. Of the Type L PAs, 5 were within the cavernous sinus, and 1 was in the juncture area. All 7 Type P PAs were located within the cavernous sinus.ConclusionsHRMRI sequences may assist in determining the location of PAs and could provide useful information for clinical decision-making, especially when radiation-free or iodine-free evaluation is preferred.Trial registrationThe clinical trial of China Internal Aneurysm Project (NCT03115905).

Woven EndoBridge (WEB™) has been shown to be safe and effective in the treatment of wide-necked bifurcation aneurysms (WNBAs). However, the use of this device has not been studied in China. This study assessed safety and effectiveness of WEB for the treatment of intracranial WNBAs in a Chinese population. The WEB Intrasaccular Therapy China Study (WEB-IT China) was a prospective, single-arm study allowing enrollment of adult WNBA patients treated with the WEB device between June 2017 and August 2019 among 8 centers in China. The primary effectiveness endpoint was treatment success rate, defined as complete aneurysm occlusion without retreatment, recurrent subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), or >50% parent artery stenosis at 1year. The primary safety endpoint was the proportion of patients with major adverse event (MAE) incidence at 1year follow-up, including non-accidental death or any major stroke within 30days, or major ipsilateral stroke, or neurological death from day 31 to 1year after treatment. A total of 60 patients with 60 unruptured aneurysms were enrolled. Technical success rate was 98.3% (59/60). At 1year, the treatment success rate was 54.2% (26/48), and two patients (3.9%) experienced an MAE, which was not device related. At 1year, the complete occlusion rate was 56% and adequate occlusion rate was 82%. There were no retreatments, new bleeding events, or mortalities. This study demonstrated that the WEB device is safe and effective in the treatment of WNBAs in the Chinese population. Clinicaltrials.gov Unique Identifier NCT03207087.

BackgroundSecondary decompressive craniectomy (DC) is commonly integrated into tiered therapeutic protocols in the intensive care unit (ICU) to manage elevated intracranial pressure following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Identifying high-risk patients in advance could enable early intervention and help prevent further deterioration. This study aims to develop a machine learning-based predictive model using radiomics to assess the likelihood of secondary DC in TBI patients.MethodsA total of 65 patients were enrolled and divided into training and test cohorts through stratified random sampling with a 7:3 ratio. Radiomic features were extracted from pre-evacuation CT data. The most relevant features were identified through importance score computation, and various predictive models were assessed using distinct machine learning algorithms and data sources. Model performance was benchmarked to construct an optimal predictive model.ResultsNo statistically significant differences were observed in demographic and clinical characteristics between the DC and non-DC groups. The model based solely on demographic and clinical data did not achieve satisfactory performance, with an AUC below 0.5 in the test cohort. In radiomic modeling, the randomForest model demonstrated consistent performance, achieving an AUC of 0.83 in the test cohort. The multiomic model, which incorporated demographic, clinical, and radiomic features, showed improved predictive performance, with the cforest model achieving an AUC of 0.87 in the training cohort and 0.86 in the test cohort.ConclusionWe developed radiomics-based predictive models to assess the likelihood of progressively refractory intracranial hypertension leading to secondary DC in a selected cohort of TBI patients who had undergone emergent craniotomy for hematoma evacuation with bone flap replacement. The model relying solely on radiomic features extracted from the lesion demonstrated satisfactory performance. When these features were integrated with demographic and clinical data to create a multiomic model, predictive performance further improved. These findings highlight the model’s potential to identify high-risk patients, enabling early intervention to prevent further deterioration.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s41016-025-00423-5.

BackgroundPatients with pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs) frequently experience cognitive impairment (CI), yet the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood.MethodIn this study, we assessed cognitive function in 42 PitNETs patients and 42 healthy controls using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), evaluating the effects of tumor volume, invasiveness, pituitary hormone levels, lineage, and surgical intervention.Furthermore, 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing of fecal samples was performed to reveal alterations in gut microbiota composition.ResultsThe results demonstrated significantly lower MoCA scores in PitNETs patients compared to controls. Patients with PIT1 lineage tumors exhibited more severe CI than those with SF-1 lineage tumors. Notably, surgical treatment led to improved cognitive performance. The sequencing revealed significant alterations in gut microbiota composition in PitNETs patients. Specifically, PIT1 lineage cases showed reduced levels of the butyrate-producing genus Agathobacter and increased abundance of UBA1819 and Alistipes indistinctus, taxa that have been implicated in pro-inflammatory states.DiscussionThese preliminary findings suggest that PIT1-lineage PitNETs may be associated with an increased susceptibility to cognitive impairment, potentially involving interactions between hormonal dysregulation and gut microbiota dysbiosis. This exploratory hypothesis provides a conceptual framework for future research to elucidate underlying mechanisms and explore potential interventions for cognitive impairment in PitNETs.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s41016-025-00421-7.

BackgroundChordoma is a devastating rare tumor with a poor prognosis, limited therapeutic options and a high recurrence rate. The exploration of novel therapeutic targets has important clinical significance in chordoma diagnosis, treatment, and outcome prediction.MethodsIn this study, chordoma patients with histopathologically verified disease and KI67 proliferation index data were enrolled. The peripheral eosinophil counts of chordoma patients were summarized, the antitumor effects of eosinophils against chordoma cells were investigated using a coculture experiment, and the potential mechanisms were analyzed.ResultsThe chordoma patients were classified into two groups according to KI67 proliferation index: 1) ≤ 5% (n = 62), and 2) > 5% (n = 80). The results showed that peripheral eosinophil and tumor-infiltrated eosinophil counts decreased with increased KI67 proliferation index, peripheral eosinophil counts deceased after tumor recurrence, and eosinophils could inhibit chordoma cells proliferation by inducing apoptosis and secreting inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-2 and IFN-γ); moreover, this apoptotic effect could be reversed by blocking TNF-α.ConclusionsThe current study suggests that eosinophils may be a new target for immunotherapy against chordoma.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s41016-025-00414-6.

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to evaluate and compare complication rates and clinical outcomes associated with smooth and perforated polyetheretherketone (PEEK) implants used in cranioplasty.MethodsA retrospective analysis of 94 patients who underwent cranioplasty with either smooth (n = 45) or perforated (n = 49) PEEK implants over a five-year period was conducted. Patient demographics, comorbidities, reasons for initial craniectomy, time interval between craniectomy and cranioplasty, postoperative complications, hospital stays, and rates of revision surgeries were analyzed. Multivariate logistic regression was used to control for confounding factors.ResultsNo statistically significant differences were observed in demographic characteristics, reasons for initial craniectomy, or median time to cranioplasty between groups. Complication rates including wound complications, infections, ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt placements, significant fluid collections, return to surgery, and implant removals were comparable between groups, though trends suggested potential increases in wound complications (17.8% vs. 8.2%, p = 0.11) and infections (17.8% vs. 8.2%, p = 0.22) in the smooth implant group. Interaction analysis indicated a significant reduction in significant fluid collections with smooth implants in trauma patients (p = 0.045). Importantly, a rare and previously unreported case of malignant cerebral edema following smooth PEEK implant placement was documented.ConclusionsAlthough no statistically significant differences were found, the identified trends toward increased complications with smooth implants and the novel finding of malignant cerebral edema highlight the importance of implant surface characteristics. Further prospective randomized studies are needed to clarify these preliminary observations and guide clinical decision-making in cranioplasty procedures.