Currently, paragliders primarily rely on gasoline engines as their power source for flight. However, during high-altitude flights, the risks of fuel leakage and fire pose significant threats to flight safety. Using secondary batteries as an alternative power system is expected to significantly enhance the safety performance of paragliders. This study focuses on the preparation and performance optimization of MnO₂, the key electrode material for aqueous zinc-ion batteries. MnO₂ materials were synthesized via a hydrothermal method, and the effects of manganese source type, hydrothermal temperature, and reaction time on the electrochemical performance of the materials were systematically investigated to determine the optimal synthesis process. The influence of high-temperature calcination on the material's structure and properties was also compared. Electrochemical tests, such as galvanostatic charge-discharge, cyclic voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, revealed that the synthesized MnO₂ material maintained a specific capacity as high as 256 mAh/g at a current density of 50 mA·g-1 even after high-rate discharge, with symmetric redox peaks indicating excellent electrochemical reversibility. Further physical characterization showed that XRD analysis indicated the uncalcined sample had low crystallinity but no significant impurities. SEM images revealed that the material consists of nanometer-sized spherical particles, which effectively increases the specific surface area and contributes to enhanced electrochemical performance. EDS and elemental analysis confirmed uniform element distribution, while FT-IR testing further verified the stable structural characteristics of the synthesized MnO₂ material. This study provides an important theoretical basis and technical reference for high-performance MnO₂ cathode materials for the electrification transformation of paraglider power systems.

The widespread contamination of industrial wastewater with synthetic dyes presents a serious environmental challenge, impacting ecosystems, water quality, and public health. Developing 3D-printed polymeric resin composites embedded with g-C3N4 nanosheet scaffolds that were fabricated by stereolithography (SLA) technique for wastewater treatment applications. In this research, we enhanced the physicochemical characteristics of bulk g-C3N4 via direct thermal delamination. Structural analysis using X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the crystalline phase of g-C3N4, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) revealed the nanosheets' morphology, with an average thickness conducive to high surface activity. The adsorption behavior of both bulk g-C3N4 and exfoliated g-C3N4 scaffolds was evaluated in the dark for 16 hours to ensure the attainment of adsorption equilibrium. Photocatalytic testing was performed under UV light (λ = 365 nm). After 8 hours of UV exposure, the dye removal efficiency of the 3D-printed composites against MB dyes reached 78%, 83%, 84%, and 86%, respectively, demonstrating their potential for effective dye removal. The results highlight the effectiveness of 3D-printed g-C3N4/polymeric resin composites as a viable solution for dye-contaminated wastewater, advancing sustainable treatment methods and contributing to environmental conservation and cleaner industrial processes.

The sea cucumber Holothuria scabra is a commercially valuable species in Asian aquaculture and plays an important role in ecosystem bioturbation. The sustainability of this species has become increasingly important due to the decline of natural populations. Characterizing gut microbial communities under different aquaculture conditions may contribute to improved culture practices for H. scabra. In this pilot-scale study, the intestinal microbiome of adult H. scabra was profiled across three aquaculture environments (concrete tanks, sea pens, and ponds) using high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing. A total of 845 amplicon sequence variants were identified from nine intestinal samples. Bacterial richness and diversity tended to be higher in pond-reared individuals. Principal Coordinates Analysis suggested differences in microbial community composition among the three environments, with Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria dominating across all systems. Members of the family Cyanobiaceae (phylum Cyanobacteria) showed relatively higher abundance in pond samples. Functional prediction based on PICRUSt2 indicated environment-associated differences in microbial metabolic potential, with lipid biosynthesis pathways more represented in concrete tanks, carbohydrate and glycogen metabolism more prominent in ponds, and nitrogen-related pathways more represented in sea pen samples. Overall, these results suggest trends in compositional and functional variation of the gut microbiota across aquaculture systems and provide baseline information to support future microbiome-focused investigations in H. scabra aquaculture.

In continuation of our interest in fluorinated chalcones with promising bioactivities, four 2,3-dihydroxychalcones named Non-F, 3-F, 4-F and 3,4-diF were screened for their α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. All tested four compounds exhibited better inhibitory activities than the positive reference control, acarbose (IC50 = 69.582.04 µM). Remarkably, compounds 3,4-diF (IC50 = 5.340.11 µM) and 3-F (IC50 = 6.840.33 µM) demonstrated more than 10-fold greater potency in α-glucosidase inhibition than acarbose in our assay. Intrinsic fluorescence quenching measurements revealed that the inhibitors directly bind to α-glucosidase. The fluorescence intensity of [α-glucosidase/8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid (ANS)] complexes was quenched upon addition of inhibitors, indicating hydrophobic contacts between enzyme and fluorinated chalcones. Furthermore, the Lineweaver-Burk plots were applied to determine the inhibition mechanisms of chalcones against α-glucosidase. For the first time, it was found that Non-F, 4-F and 3,4-diF are competitive inhibitors, whereas 3-F acts as a non-competitive inhibitor.

Eurotiomycetes is a diverse class of Ascomycota comprising ecologically and economically important fungi, including numerous saprobes, pathogens, and producers of bioactive compounds. This study presents a comprehensive checklist of Eurotiomycetes species in Thailand, documenting their diversity, taxonomy, and distribution. Data were compiled from published literature up to January 2025. In addition, we analyzed two insect-associated Eurotiomycetes samples collected from Chiang Mai and Chiang Rai provinces. Morphological and multigene phylogenetic analyses using four loci (ITS, BenA, CaM, and Rpb2) were used to confirm the taxonomic placements of the new isolates. The checklist records 338 species of Eurotiomycetes. A distribution map highlights regions of high fungal diversity and reveals distinct ecological patterns across different habitat types. Notably, 46 provinces were identified as under-sampled (with fewer than 10 species recorded), while 27 provinces exhibited particularly high species richness. The genera Pyrenula, Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Talaromyces are the most frequently reported Eurotiomycetes in Thailand. In this study, we introduce Aspergillus ceranae, a novel species assigned to Aspergillus section Circumdati, series Sclerotiorum, isolated from the dead Asian honey bee (Apis cerana), and report Aspergillus tamarii associated with the cicada, Tanna japonensis in Thailand. This checklist serves as a vital reference for Eurotiomycetes in Thailand, highlighting key taxa and under-sampled regions, and emphasizing the need to investigate unexplored substrates. New findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the diversity and ecology of Aspergillus and other Eurotiomycetes, supporting future efforts in fungal taxonomy, biodiversity conservation, and ecological research in Thailand.

About half of coconut pith (CP) contains a renewable bio-polymer called lignin, which has great promise as a corrosion inhibitor; nonetheless, its performance depends on the source, the extraction process, and the conditions. Therefore, this study focuses on exploring different treatment methods, including organosolv, alkaline, deep eutectic solvent (DES), and ionic liquid (IL) treatments, to extract CP lignin and investigate their yield, purity, and physicochemical properties, with the aim of enhancing lignin’s effectiveness as a corrosion inhibitor. This study revealed that CP lignin extraction by ionic liquid treatment (CPL-IT) achieved the highest lignin yield at 96.82% with purity levels of 90.95%, making it the most efficient extraction treatment for extracting lignin as a corrosion inhibitor. FTIR analysis highlighted that CPL-IT has many hydroxyl groups and aromatic skeletal vibrations, indicating the dominance of guaiacyl units. SEM analysis revealed that CPL-IT forms a smooth, uniform protective layer, providing superior corrosion resistance compared to other lignins. Furthermore, TGA results illustrated that CPL-IT demonstrates high thermal stability (664°C), ensuring durability under harsh conditions. XRD analysis revealed that CPL-AT had the lowest crystallinity index (0.6%), which means it is amorphous lignin, whereas CPL-OT is the most crystalline lignin with the highest (14.14%) crystallinity index. Molecular weight distribution analysis indicated that CPL-DT had the highest molecular weight, forming a dense protective film. However, CPL-OT exhibited the lowest polydispersity index (PDI), indicating a more uniform molecular size distribution, which optimizes its coating properties. Overall, CPL-IT offered the best balance of surface chemistry, surface morphology structure, thermal stability, crystalline structure, and molecular weight properties, making it the most effective corrosion inhibitor. These screening and characterization results have enhanced the viability of CPL-IT as a potential choice for corrosion inhibitor use in coating industries.

The overlapping effects of a high geological background and anthropogenic contamination in the karst area of Guizhou province have led to serious soil cadmium (Cd) pollution. The use of microorganisms as soil remediation agents for Cd-contaminated soils has garnered considerable attention. This study systematically investigated the isolation and identification of Cd-resistant bacteria from karst soil, focusing on microbial growth and tolerance mechanisms in extreme environments. In this study, a novel Cd-resistant strain was isolated from highly Cd-contaminated soil in a lead-zinc (Pb-Zn) mining area. Using a combination of morphological analysis, physiological-biochemical studies, and 16S rRNA gene sequencing, the strain was identified as Bacillus sp. Ld-1. Minimal inhibitory concentration tests revealed that Bacillus sp. Ld-1 exhibits high Cd2+ resistance, tolerating up to 500 mg/L. The equilibrium data closely followed the Langmuir model, indicating a monolayer adsorption process for Cd2+. The Langmuir model applied to the experimental data revealed a maximum absorption capacity of 4.54 mg/g for the strain. Additionally, a pseudo-second-order kinetic model provided the most accurate description of the biosorption kinetics. When Bacillus sp. Ld-1 was present at a concentration of 10 g/L with Cd2+ levels of 1-25 mg/L, good clearance rates (>87%) were achieved. Scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) revealed that under treatment with 200 mg/L of Cd2+, the bacterial surface became rough and accumulated Cd2+, indicating extracellular adsorption as a key pathway for Cd2+ removal by this strain. In conclusion, the isolated Bacillus sp. Ld-1 has high resistance to heavy metals and shows effective Cd adsorption, making it a promising biological resource for remediating Cd-contaminated soil in karst regions.

Xingnaojing injection (XNJ) is a botanical neuroprotective formulation composed of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis (GJE), Radix Curcumae, musk, and borneol. A critical pharmacopeial standards review reveals no validated chemical markers for monitoring GJE quality within the formulation. To bridge this gap, a combined steam distillation and liquid-liquid extraction method was developed for accurate analysis of GJE components during manufacturing. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) profiling unambiguously identified the sesquiterpene derivative 4-methyleneisophorone as a consistent and traceable component throughout all key manufacturing stages: raw material processing, intermediate formulation, and final product assembly. These findings provide a scientifically grounded method to strengthen quality control in botanical injections such as XNJ.

The genus Auricularia is widely distributed across tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions worldwide. During a mushroom survey in northern Thailand in the 2024 and 2025 rainy seasons, three Auricularia specimens were collected. These specimens were identified as A. sinodelicata based on a combination of morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analyses of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), the large subunit (nrLSU) region of nuclear ribosomal DNA, and the RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (rpb2) gene. The present study represents the first record of this species in both Thailand and Southeast Asia. Detailed morphological descriptions, photographs, illustrations, comparisons with related taxa, and a phylogenetic tree illustrating the placement of the Thai specimens are provided. Moreover, the taxonomic status of Auricularia in Thailand was updated and revised based on an overview of the recent literature and molecular data from Thai specimens. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that previously reported specimens identified as A. delicata from northern Thailand actually belong to A. sinodelicata. An updated checklist and key to accepted Auricularia species in Thailand are also provided.

Although traditional homogeneous SiCp reinforced aluminum matrix composites have characteristics such as high specific strength, low thermal expansion coefficient, and excellent wear resistance, but their isotropic properties are difficult to meet the gradient requirements of material properties under complex working conditions. Therefore, SiCp reinforced aluminum matrix composite gradient materials have attracted much attention in aerospace, defense and military industries. This study focuses on the preparation of SiCp/6092Al composite materials with different silicon carbide contents (15%, 20%, and 25%) using the powder metallurgy method. Gradient composite materials were prepared using the ECAP method, and the resulting variations in their microstructure and properties were systematically analyzed. The results indicate that: Based on powder metallurgy technology and large plastic deformation ECAP technology, SiCp/6092Al gradient composite materials with good interfacial bonding have been prepared, and the results of hardness and tensile strength tests show that compared with single volume fraction materials, the prepared gradient composite material has the characteristics of surface ablation resistance, intermediate layer high thermal conductivity, and matrix toughening.