Nematode infections in ruminants have medical and economic negative impacts. Parasitic infestations lead to major losses due to treatment and prevention costs, reduced weight gain, and compromised animal welfare. The majority of commonly used anthelmintics are from three chemical classes: benzimidazoles, macrocyclic lactones, and imidazothiazoles. The development of resistance against one compound often implies cross-resistance within the same class. The study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of four benzimidazoles against gastrointestinal strongyles: albendazole (ABZ), mebendazole (MBZ), thiabendazole (TBZ), and fenbendazole (FBZ). The study was conducted in vitro on a group of 41 cattle from Alba County. Two types of tests were performed: Egg Hatch Assay (EHA) and Larval Development Assay (LDA). The lowest lethal concentration 50 (LC50) was exhibited by FBZ (1.099 µg/ml), followed by ABZ (2.111 µg/ml) and MBZ (3.173 µg/ml). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) highlighted the highest efficacy of MBZ (0.343 µg/ml), followed by FBZ (0.415 µg/ml). ABZ tests showed no significant differences between the LC50 and MIC values. EHA revealed strongyle resistance to ABZ, MBZ, and FBZ. LDA highlighted strongyle resistance to ABZ and sensitivity to MBZ and FBZ. FBZ had the lowest LC₅₀ and MIC concentrations. The highest resistance risk was found in ABZ.

The incorporation of herbs and spices in the diets of livestock has been enthused to enhanced nutrient absorption, promoting health and growth. This study evaluated effects of dietary inclusion of Piper guineense leaf and seed on growth performance, haematological indices, bone morphology and economic production of broiler chickens. A total of 288-day old Cobb broiler chicks were brooded for 2 weeks and assigned to 4 dietary treatments with 8 replicates of 9 birds per replicate. Birds on treatment 1 were fed basal diet only. While those in treatments 2, 3 and 4 were fed basal diet plus 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 kg Piper guineense meal per 100 kg feed, respectively. Data generated were subjected to 1-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results revealed that dietary inclusion of Piper guineense meal significantly (p<0.05) influenced feed intake, wet and dry tibia weights, diaphysis diameter and tibia index. However, gross margin and profit index decreased significantly (p<0.05) with increasing dietary inclusion of Piper guineense. It was construed that dietary inclusion of Piper guineense meals enhanced feed intake, some haematological and bone morphological indices of broilers, hence, it can be adopted as a feed additive for sustainable poultry production.

Parasite infestations caused by Ancylostomidae and Strongyloididae nematodes affect both animals and humans, with increasing global resistance also reported in canine digestive nematodes. This study evaluated the efficacy of two anthelmintics – pyrantel (PIR) combined with febantel (FEB), and oxibendazole (OXI) – in 30 dogs from Cluj County. In vivo Fecal Egg Count Reduction Test was performed. Faecal samples for ante-therapeutic (AT) analysis were collected. PIR and FEB were administered to 20 dogs, while 10 received OXI. Post-treatment (PT) faecal samples were collected on days 7, 14, 21 and 28. At each time point, the intensity and prevalence were assessed by quantifying the number of eggs per gram of faeces (EPG) and the number of larvae per gram of faeces (LPG). All collected data was statistically analyzed. Initial prevalence averaged 50% across both groups, with mean intensities of 377.05 EPG and 1733.33 LPG, respectively. By day 28 PT, both the prevalence and intensity had dropped to zero in both groups. PIR+FEB combination showed high efficacy and no signs of resistance. In the group treated with OXI, statistical parameters fell below accepted thresholds by day 21 (EPG) and day 14 (LPG). Both anthelmintic products were effective against tested canine strongylid nematodes.

The number of studies about specific arterial structure in avian species is remarkably lower than those carried out in mammals, thus, this study aims to describe the microscopic structure and the development of the aortic arch and the 2 brachycephalic trunks in Ross 308 broiler chickens aged 20 and 30 days, respectively. During necropsy, transverse fragments were harvested from the aortic arch and the two brachiocephalic trunks (right and left), fixed in formalin, embedding in paraffin and stained with Verhoeff trichrome method. The histological slides were examined under optical microscope and the wall thickness and the number of elastic lamellae were determined. In Ross 308 broiler chickens aged 20 and 30 days, respectively, the aortic arch and the brachycephalic trunks are elastic-muscular transitional arteries. Between 20-30 days of life, the aortic arch wall thickness increase by approximately 18% and the brachiocephalic trunks by approximately 85%. The elastic lamellas present in the vascular wall structure are thicker in the brachiocephalic trunks than in the aortic arch in both 20-day-old and 30-day-old chicks.

Sex determination in reptiles represents one of the most diverse and evolutionarily dynamic systems among vertebrates. Across different taxa, both temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD) and genotypic sex determination (GSD) have been reported, with varying degrees of chromosomal differentiation. However, the current literature on this subject is fragmented, covering a limited number of species and genera, and often lacking cohesive overviews at the family level. This review aims to synthesize the available data concerning the sex-determination mechanisms across major reptilian families, highlighting whether species exhibit TSD or GSD, and, in the latter case, what type of chromosomal determinism (XY, ZW, multiple systems) they possess. A visual summary compiling the known genetic determinism status for a broad spectrum of reptile genera is provided, serving as a practical reference for future research. The review also discusses the knowledge gaps and the methodological challenges that continue to hinder a comprehensive understanding of sex-determination evolution in reptiles.

In the past decades, the use of the greater omentum in surgery has become widely popular in veterinary surgery. A three-year-old European short-haired female cat, with an open fracture of the right tibia, was referred to the Department of Surgery and Intensive Care after suffering from a traffic trauma After clinical and paraclinical examination, the cat underwent a surgical procedure to manage the tibial fracture. Two weeks after the osteosynthesis of the tibial fracture, dehiscence was observed at the level of the suture. Due to the lack of tissue in this area, and clinical signs of local bacterial infection, to avoid amputation, a second surgical intervention consisting of an omentum pedicle flap was performed. With the cat in dorsal recumbency, under general anaesthesia, a small abdominal incision was performed and the omentum was exteriorized. The omentum was enlarged up to 4 times using specific incision lines and a tunnel was created subcutaneously up to the tibial defect. Once sutured in place the omentum was protected using an inguinal skin flap and with colloid bandage that was changed every second day for two weeks. At 14 days, the omentum was resected from the abdominal orifice previously created. 3 months after the first surgery, the cat had fully recovered.

Equines worldwide are constantly exposed to infections with multiple species of nematodes, especially strongyles. Currently, three classes of anthelmintics are available for treating such infections: benzimidazoles, macrocyclic lactones, and pyrimidines. If an active substance is used continuously, there is an increased likelihood of parasites developing resistance to it, and to related substances within the same chemical group. This study conducted on a group of 30 equines aimed to evaluate anthelmintic resistance in gastrointestinal nematodes. Two types of tests were performed: In vivo, Faecal Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT), to assess the efficacy of fenbendazole (FBZ) and abamectin (ABA). In vitro, Egg Hatch Assay (EHA) and Larval Development Assay (LDA), to evaluate albendazole (ABZ), fenbendazole (FBZ), and mebendazole (MBZ) efficacy. FECRT showed ABA as more effective, yet statistical analysis indicated low efficacy for both ABA and FBZ. In EHA, all benzimidazoles showed >50% hatching at the reference concentration. LDA revealed the lowest larval development rate for MBZ (0.59%), followed by FBZ (13.3%). All tested anthelmintics exhibited limited ovicidal activity. A discrepancy was observed between EHA and LDA results for benzimidazole efficacy. The correlation between in vivo and in vitro results for FBZ was 100% only in the case of EHA.

Intra-vitam pink canine teeth are rarely reported in the literature. They may be due to a local circulatory disorder associated with a traumatic injury. This case report describes the bleaching of a canine tooth in a dog using a 940nm diode laser. A two-year-old Akita Inu intact male dog was presented with an uncomplicated crown fracture at the 304, involving a quarter of the incisal part of the crown. The tooth had an intensely pink incisal half of the crown. The tooth was treated endodontically, and the root was sealed with mineral trioxide aggregate and gutta-percha. The crown was bleached with a 940 nm diode laser and filled with light-curing material. Dental X-rays revealed no periapical involvement. At the opening of the crown, an intense, reddish bleeding was expressed. Endodontic treatment was performed in accordance with established endodontic standards. The tooth had a light-yellow discoloration at the end of the dental treatment, which gave it a natural appearance. This case report confirms that pink staining is directly related to intrapulpal haemorrhage and pigments resulting from haemoglobin. The tooth whitening method, using a diode laser, has been proven effective in dogs.

Chronic diarrhea in cats is a frequent clinical problem, defined by gastrointestinal signs persisting for more than three weeks. Causes are diverse: intestinal dysbiosis, parasites, viral agents, or inflammation. Among protozoa, Tritrichomonas foetus and Cryptosporidium spp. are major contributors, while Feline Coronavirus (FCoV), though often subclinical, can worsen inflammation and dysbiosis, sometimes progressing to infectious peritonitis. This study reports a clinical case with multiple etiologies: T. foetus, Cryptosporidium spp., FCoV, and severe dysbiosis. Diagnostic workup included clinical examination, coproparasitological testing, PCR, and microbiome analysis. Treatment combined symptomatic measures with antiparasitic and antibiotic therapy. Co-infection caused persistent diarrhea and delayed therapeutic response, but PCR confirmation enabled a tailored protocol, gradually improving clinical signs. The case highlights the need for a comprehensive diagnostic approach, as concurrent infections and dysbiosis significantly affect prognosis and therapeutic strategies.

This study calculated the effects on serum progesterone (Pr) levels, after treatment with either of 2 drugs: the erythropoietin (Epo) and the antioxidant lazaroid (L) drug U-74389G. The calculation was based on the results of 2 preliminary studies, each one of which estimated the certain influence, after the respective drug usage in an induced ischemia reperfusion (IR) animal experiment. The 2 main experimental endpoints at which the serum Pr levels were evaluated was the 60th reperfusion min (for the groups A, C and E) and the 120th reperfusion min (for the groups B, D and F). Specially, the groups A and B were processed without drugs, the groups C and D after Epo administration; whereas the groups E and F after the L administration. The first preliminary study of Epo presented a non significant hypoprogesteronemic effect by 5.05%+06.73% (p-value=0.4430). However, the second preliminary study of U-74389G presented a significant hypoprogesteronemic effect by 27.59%+7.46% (p-value=0.0005). These 2 studies were co-evaluated since they came from the same experimental setting. The outcome of the co-evaluation was that L is just by 5.456215-fold [5.447549 - 5.464894] more hypoprogesteronemic than Epo (p-value=0.0000).