The development of sustainable learning motivation in primary school learners is a crucial factor in their academic success and personal growth. This article examines the psychological and pedagogical conditions that contribute to the formation of stable motivation, including the role of emotional engagement, teacher-student interaction, and the application of innovative teaching methods. The study is based on theoretical analysis and empirical research, incorporating the views of prominent scholars in the field. The findings highlight the importance of a supportive educational environment and differentiated instruction in fostering long-term motivation.

The attitude towards the concept of happiness has been constantly changing since ancient times, depending on the views of human beings and the periods. The question of the possibility or impossibility of achieving happiness and its connection with virtue has also aroused the interest of philosophers. For this reason, despite being at the center of philosophers’ views of happiness as an ethical issue, it has been considered from different aspects. It can be seen that al-Farabi, one of the medieval Islamic philosophers, also focused on the importance of happiness as a concept and raised it as an ethical, political, and aesthetic issue. In this article, the concept of happiness will be discussed as ethical aesthetic issues based on the works of al-Farabi.

A study focused on evaluating the effectiveness of using the case method in teaching biochemistry to medical university students. It explores the use of this approach as a means of integrating theoretical knowledge with the practical skills essential for the professional activities of future doctors. Within the framework of the experiment, the academic performance of two groups was compared: an experimental group using the case method and a control group studying with traditional methods. The analysis of students' academic performance was based on a comparative study of the results from these two different teaching approaches. The first group of students was taught using the innovative case method, which involves active student participation in solving practical problems and integrating theoretical knowledge with professional skills. The second group followed traditional teaching methods, primarily focused on lectures and standard exercises. The comparative analysis was conducted based on the results achieved at the end of the module, with an emphasis on identifying differences in academic performance levels between the two groups. Statistical analysis was performed using Student's t-test. Despite methodological limitations, including the lack of randomization and potential differences between the groups, the study results remain reliable within the scope of the research objectives. The reliability of the findings is supported by the use of statistical methods and an objective approach to data interpretation. The conclusions of the study have significant practical value and open avenues for further scientific exploration in this area. The article highlights the importance of additional research aimed at investigating the mechanisms underlying the effectiveness of the case method and developing recommendations for its optimization and implementation in the teaching of biochemistry at medical universities.

Sugar beet, a biennial root crop, is primarily grown in temperate regions and is increasingly recognized in the biofuel industry as a raw material for ethanol production. It is susceptible to over 20 fungal and 10 bacterial pathogens, which can cause severe damage to the plant and result in significant yield losses, affecting the profitability of growers. One such pathogen is Rhizoctoniaspp., a soil-borne fungus that causes root and crown rot diseases and losses during storage periods. Rhizoctonia species live in the soil or on decomposing and drying sections of plants as saprophytes or weak parasites. Factors promoting the disease's development include heavy rainfall, organic-rich soil, heavy soils, high moisture content, temperatures between 35° and 40°C, and a pH of 6.0 to 8.0. Poor drainage systems in the soil also contribute to the development of the disease. Crown rot, first discovered in 1858, is one of the common and devastating diseases that affect sugar beet crops. The causative agent of this disease is Rhizoctonia solani, which can survive under soil for a long time and is particularly severe in heavy soils and soils with inadequate drainage systems.

Examines the problem of forming civic-patriotic qualities of an individual based on the use of folk art, including folklore, traditions and culture of an ethnic group. The approaches and methods that contribute to the education of patriotism, a sense of pride in their native culture and moral values in the younger generation are highlighted. Particular attention is paid to the ethnocultural approach aimed at spiritual and moral development and harmonization of personal and interethnic relations. The work presents the experience of the project-research department "Manas Studies", which studies the epic "Manas" and folklore literature that reveals the norms, values and cultural characteristics of the Kyrgyz people.

The soil profile descriptions were made according to the international WRB system, and the diagnostic indices of irrigated meadow-gray soils of the Shirvan steppe of the Kura-Araz lowland were compared. The physical and chemical indices were assessed according to the corresponding scales. The soil map M: 1:200000 was used when selecting the soil types. The physical and chemical indices of virgin and irrigated meadow-gray soils are quite close with a slight deviation in the soil profile. The soils are heavy, highly carbonate and generally low-humus, with some horizons having a satisfactorily humus assessment.

In the article was considered the especially of tyisaniesioses spreading in sheep kept in the flat territories of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic. Studying the dynamics of tyisaniesioses in the mentioned territories, it is established that sheep are infected with helminths almost during the whole pasture season. Tyisaniesioses are intestinal helminthic diseases that cause huge economic damage to farm animals; the productivity of adult animals is reduced, there is a significant waste of young animals. In 2022-2024, the distribution of Thysaniezia giardi species was studied in Sharur, Julfa, Shahbuz and Ordubad districts using carpological and helminthological autopsy methods of sheep small intestine. The highest infection with thysaniesioses is observed in sheep older than 1-2 years. Lambs in the first 5 months of life are not infected with thyzanesiosiases. Infection with thyzanesiosiases. of animals kept in farms of four districts was rather high (average infection rate 36.35%). During the research it was found that the highest number of helminth-infested farms was found in Julfa district (55.9%) and Sharur district (42.2%), which are located in lowlands. In Ordubad district, whose farms are located in the foothills, the degree of infestation was 28.1%, and in Shahbuz district, which is a mountainous area, 19.2%.

In recent years, stroke has become not only a problem for the elderly, but also increasingly affects young people. The increase in stroke cases among people under 40 is associated with lifestyle changes, increased stress, the prevalence of physical inactivity, poor nutrition and bad habits. Key risk factors include hypertension, diabetes, obesity, smoking, alcohol abuse, and hereditary predisposition. Late diagnosis of stroke in young people is a particular problem, since its symptoms are often ignored or taken for less serious disorders. Timely detection of stroke signs, such as sudden weakness, speech and vision impairment, dizziness and numbness of the limbs, plays a decisive role in preventing serious consequences. Stroke prevention in young people requires a comprehensive approach: regular medical examinations, monitoring blood pressure and cholesterol levels, maintaining a healthy lifestyle, giving up bad habits and reducing stress factors. Raising awareness of stroke risks among young people could significantly reduce the incidence and mortality of this dangerous condition.

Shahbuz region, considered the “flora museum” of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, occupies a special place in the Autonomous Republic due to the richness of its biodiversity, especially the diversity of flora species. In fact, this richness is due to the many species contained in the flora of the region, including wild vegetables, honey and nectar plants, medicinal plants, as well as essences, alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, glycosides, grafting agents, etc. Medicinal plants are of particular importance in this wealth. Some plant raw materials contain bioactive compounds with a wide range of effects, and the study and application of various substances in these mixtures, especially flavonoids, has always been the focus of scientific attention. Particularly, the high biological activity of flavonoids, their broader pharmacological effects and abundance in the plant kingdom should be considered as the main reasons for conducting research. A number of flavonoids have antibacterial effects. Thanks to their antioxidant properties, flavonoids protect the body from harmful environmental influences. In particular, the use of these substances in medicine and cosmetics, the pharmaceutical and food industries leads to a further increase in interest in them. Considering that the species Scrophularia nodosa L., widespread in the Nakhchivan Autonomous Region, including the Shahbuz region, is rich in flavonoids, qualitative analyzes were carried out to prove the presence of flavonoids in Scrophularia nodosa, and the amount of flavonoids was determined by the spectrophotometric method. As a result of laboratory studies, the total amount of flavonoids, determined by spectrophotometric method in the form of Scrophularia nodosa L., was 5,58%.