Both in the transmission of linguistic ideas and in the emergence of writing norms of a language, political debate has always played an essential role—either due to its repercussions, or due to its limited prominence. When Chile began its process of independence from the second decade of the 19th century onwards, the country made it a political priority to eliminate any colonial aftereffects on the new economic and social structure that was being erected, and the language did not escape these filters. The coming of the printing press—relatively late in this part of the world—as well as the appearance of different newspapers, motivated an awakening of public opinion, which also reflected new attitudes towards the education of a people who wanted to turn themselves into an independent nation. Using these premises, this work aims to recover the political debate around grammar and its teaching in Chile in the first half of the 19th century and examine the attitudes towards the language—explicit and implicit—that may have come to the cultured speakers (and writers) of the time, or to those that were in a process of learning.

espanolEste trabajo se interesa por la morfologia del participio de pasado en una serie textual de treinta y cinco gramaticas de espanol en los dos primeros siglos de gramatizacion (1492-1697). Se tratan tres puntos: la descripcion de la formacion regular del participio, la presentacion de los participios irregulares y el tema de la existencia de dos participios de un mismo verbo. Para las dos primeras cuestiones, la investigacion muestra una relativa estabilidad en el tratamiento y algunos aspectos de evolucion y profundizacion. En cambio, la codificacion de los participios dobles es apenas una problematica emergente. El estudio de estos aspectos en los textos se articula con cuestiones relacionadas con las caracteristicas de la ciencia (o tecnica) gramatical tomada como objeto: la formulacion discursiva, la ubicacion de una cuestion en las gramaticas, la terminologia y la forma de organizacion del conocimiento (las listas y las tablas). EnglishThis work examines the morphology of the past participle in a textual series of thirty-five grammars of Spanish during the first two centuries of grammatization (1492-1697). Three issues are dealt with: the formation of regular participles, the presentation of irregular participles and the possibility for some verbs to have two different participles. The survey shows the relative stability and some aspects of deepening and evolution of the first two questions, while the treatment of the double participles is only an emerging issue in this period. The study of these aspects in the texts is articulated with questions that have to do with characteristics of grammar science (or technique) taken as object: discursive formulation, location of an issue in grammars, terminology and organization's forms of knowledge (lists and tables).

<p>In this paper the panorama of the teaching of reading in Spain in the second half of the XIX and the first decades of the XX is exposed. During this period the foundations of a scientific didactic of the first letters are being established, which is manifested in the publication of progressively more careful primers, both for their formal design and for the concern of the authors in that these materials are well-founded from the point of view of didactics of language. We expose how in the Ibero-American republics there is a notable advance regarding the situation in Spain and, finally, we stop at the figure of Eladio Homs, whose primer (1914) represents an important milestone in the process of modernization of the methods of literacy in Spain.</p>

espanolEn este estudio nos ocupamos de la representacion y registro de los usos del frances marcado diastraticamente a nivel lexicografico en el Grand dictionnaire francais-italien et italien-francais de C. Ferrari y J. Caccia, publicado en dos ediciones entre los siglos XIX y XX. Tras una presentacion del diccionario, asi como de su situacion dentro de la tradicion lexicografica bilingue, ilustraremos el lugar que ocupan los diferentes registros linguisticos en los elementos paratextuales y pasaremos al tratamiento lexicografico de la variacion diastratica mediante un analisis realizado a partir de una muestra representativa.Nos basaremos, por tanto, en los marcadores utilizados en ambas ediciones de este diccionario, centrandonos en la brecha entre lo que se declara en los elementos paratextuales y el propio diccionario. EnglishIn the present article we present the uses of the French language, from a diastratic point of view, at the lexicographic level, in the Grand dictionnaire francais-italien et italien-francais by C. Ferrari and J. Caccia, published in two editions between the nineteenth and twentieth century. After a presentation of the dictionary as well as of its position within the bilingual lexicographic tradition, we will illustrate the place that the different language registers occupy in the paratextual elements to then proceed to the lexicographic treatment of the diastratic variation on the basis of an analysis carried out from a representative sample. We will concentrate particularly on the markers used in the two editions of this dictionary, emphasizing the difference between what is declared in the paratextual elements and the dictionary itself. francaisDans la presente etude nous nous occupons de la representation et de l'enregistrement des usages du francais marque du point de vue diastratique, au niveau lexicographique, dans le Grand dictionnaire francais-italien et italien-francais de C. Ferrari et J. Caccia, publie en deux editions entre le XIXe et le XXe siecle. Apres une presentation du dictionnaire, ainsi que son encadrement dans la tradition lexicographique bilingue, nous allons illustrer la place que les differents registres de langue occupent dans les elements paratextuels pour passer ensuite au traitement lexicographique de la variation diastratique sur la base d'une analyse effectuee a partir d'un echantillon representatif. Nous nous attarderons, ainsi, sur les marqueurs utilises dans les deux editions de ce dictionnaire en mettant l'accent sur l'ecart entre ce qui est declare dans les elements paratextuels et le dictionnaire proprement dit.

<p>In this work, a presentation of Roque Barcia’s <em>Primer diccionario general etimológico</em> is made, starting with the process of its edition in order to analyze what was said in the prologue and to examine the content of the work: types of voices, structure of the articles, and sources. To achieve his goals, Barcia modified what he considered convenient from his sources and did an arduous work to know the origin of the words, so it helped him to order the meanings and to make recasts, as he did not agree with the proposed etymology and went further. The extension of the work, due to the enormous amount of information collected over many years from very different sources, and with not a few interruptions in its writing, are the reasons for the numerous inconsistencies and mistakes that, in addition to a great subjectivity in many places, motivated the criticism from the first moment. But, on the other hand, this <em>Diccionario</em> enjoyed a notable acceptance by the public, so it had an abbreviated edition, although not that much abbreviated, due to Eduardo de Echegaray, titled <em>Diccionario general etimológico de la lengua española</em>. Therefore, in this article, news of this other work is given and attempts are made to explain the commercial reasons that led to it, and the consequences it had on Barcia's repertoires.</p>

<p>We address the ideas on the construction of languages that were sustained by Eduardo Benot (1822-1907), whose curiosity about all linguistic matters did not remain alien to the contemporary debate on the subject. Such ideas have come to us thanks to a couple of short texts: a) an appendix added at the end of the Architecture of languages (1888-1891?) ("Projects of universal language", III, pp. 683-687), and b) the conference ("Memoria", 1892) presented to the Hispano-American Literary Congress (Madrid). While in the first of the texts cited Benot bets on "a common language of the learned people" based on the words of Latin etymology and a on a "very simple grammar" (Benot 1888-1891?: 686-7), taking as a model the catholic language of Alberto Liptay (1890), in the second text, on the other hand, questions the viability of a global language and, conditioned by the type of audience to which it is addressed, insists more on the convenience of continuing to cultivate the Castilian language as an instrument of fraternization among Hispanics, and to "prevent the corruption of the admirable elocutive system that unites us all with bonds of affinity" (Benot 1892: 261).</p>

This paper provides an overview of my research into the hyper-, macro- and microstructure of nineteenth, twentieth and twenty-first centuries Spanish-Italian bilingual dictionaries in connection with coeval orthographic norms. Its aim is to ascertain whether and to what extent the various reforms of Spanish orthography were recorded in such lexicographical works. The analysis of the information gathered in the paratexts, macrostructure and microstructure of the most unusual dictionaries may also help identify their primary sources if these lexicographical works are checked against monolingual dictionaries and also bilingual dictionaries of other language combinations.

<p>This article aims to rescue the most important facts related to the transit of Joan Corominas in Mendoza (Argentina), where he exiled at the end of the Spanish Civil War. From a historiographic methodology based on sources tracing and their contextualized interpretation, the following points are taken into account: his performance as a teacher at the National University of Cuyo, the founding of the Linguistics Institute, the creation of the journal called <em>Anales del Instituto de Linguistic</em><em>s</em> (in the year 1940) and the publication of a wide range of scientific papers and scientific divulgation. In addition, it is emphasized the fact that the Catalan philologist elaborated in Mendoza his <em>Critical Etymological Dictionary of the Spanish Language</em> (1954-1957). Particular emphasis will be placed on the author's publications, mainly on dissemination, which constitute the least reviewed aspect of the period in which Corominas lived in Mendoza.</p>

Fray Pedro de Gante (Pieter van der Moere) was an important evangelist and teacher in the New Spain. With two of his fellow missionaries, Fray Juan de Tecto and Fray Juan de Ayora, he led the way in the difficult task of learning the language of those to be converted and becoming an exam­ple of holiness, humility and generosity. Fray Pieter van der Moere was loved and respected for his industriousness to learn Nahuatl and the culture of its speakers. In this article, his work is analyzed taking into account his work as a teacher, his example of life as a follower of St. Francis and his knowledge of the language, i.e. in the love of words and faith, which allowed him to write various Christian doctrines adapting the new evangelical message to the culture of the Nahuas. The content and the value representing the religious-philological context of the Evangelization is described in these doctrines.

<p>Dated from 1701, an author identified as A. J., aka Alexander Justice, published in London a bilingual English-Portuguese and Portuguese-English dictionary under the title A Compleat Account of the Portugueze Language. To this first dictionary of these two modern languages, the author attached a grammar for Portuguese speakers with the title Grammatica Anglo-Lusitanica, a work that was reprinted in 1702 and 1705. Although Justice’s metalinguistic works have been the object of occasional references in works of modern scholars, until now there has been no comprehensive assessment of all major issues related to them. Therefore, this article attempts to report on the editions, structural aspects and other issues related to the grammar’s content, as well as information of bibliographical or similar nature, related to what may be considered the first Anglo- Portuguese grammar itself.</p>