In this study, we report biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using polyextremophile bacteria Deinococcus radiodurans. Optical and structural properties of the green synthesized silver nanoparticles were investigated by various techniques, including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive x-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, and UV-visible (UV-Vis) absorption spectroscopy. The AgNPs were entrapped in calcium alginate beads and were used for photo decolorization of various charged pollutant dyes, under solar irradiation. In this study, cationic (methylene blue [MB], methyl green [MG]) and anionic (methyl orange [MO]) dyes were used as model dyes. Both AgNPs in suspension and those entrapped in beads could degrade all the three dyes with 100% degradation efficiency in suspension and slightly lower efficiency with beads. The photocatalytic activity of immobilized AgNPs in fabricated column model demonstrates potential application for the removal of dyes from effluents, contributing ultimately to ecological cleanup process and facilitated in recovery and reprocessing. The nanocomposites retained a significant amount of photocatalytic efficiency even after four reuse cycles, and the degradation efficiency followed the order: MB>MO>MG. Additionally, phytotoxicity and cytotoxicity assay was performed to show significant reduction in toxicity of nanoparticle (NP)-assisted degraded cationic and anionic dyes, thereby substantiating the nontoxic nature of the degraded dye. The efficiency of beads entrapped silver NPs as a viable option, for the degradation of harmful organic dyes from the environment, is established in the present study.

Kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) is a Type I transmembrane glycoprotein and is a potential biomarker for detecting kidney damage, as its urinary levels fluctuate in cases of acute kidney injury. In this study, an electrochemical immunosensor was developed for the first time using a quartz tuning fork (QTF) working electrode to detect the KIM-1 biomarker. The gold-tipped QTF electrode surface was modified with 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (11-MUA) to form a self-assembled monolayer (SAM). To construct the biosensor, extensive optimization studies were conducted on the fabrication parameters, followed by characterization and real urine sample testing to evaluate its applicability. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) methods were utilized in all electrochemical experiments. Morphological changes on the QTF electrode surface were examined using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The developed electrochemical KIM-1 immunosensor demonstrated highly promising performance, exhibiting an exceptionally wide detection range (0.05-250fg/mL). Furthermore, the dissociation constant (Kd) of the interaction between KIM-1 and its antibody was successfully calculated using the Hill equation, on the basis of the QTF-based system.

The escalating global demand for biopharmaceuticals is placing increasing strain on conventional production systems, highlighting the need for innovative and sustainable alternatives. Industrial byproducts, produced extensively across pharmaceutical and allied sectors, remain an underexploited resource with significant potential to reduce production costs and strengthen circular economy integration. This review systematically explores the sources and classification of industrial wastes relevant to biopharmaceutical manufacturing, while addressing critical regulatory, safety, and quality considerations for their adoption. Emerging biotechnological strategies-such as microbial fermentation, enzymatic biotransformation, and synthetic biology-driven metabolic engineering-are evaluated for their ability to convert industrial residues into high-value therapeutic products. Representative case studies demonstrate the feasibility of these approaches, including the utilization of agro-industrial waste for therapeutic enzymes, marine-derived residues for bioactive compounds, and fermentation byproducts for vaccine components. Environmental and economic implications are assessed through life cycle analysis (LCA) and cost-benefit evaluations, underscoring the alignment of waste valorization with sustainable manufacturing principles. Despite these opportunities, technological limitations, stringent quality and standardization requirements, and complex policy and ethical challenges remain substantial barriers. Future perspectives highlight the role of green bioprocessing, artificial intelligence (AI), and automation in optimizing waste-to-medicine pathways, alongside the long-term vision of achieving zero-waste biopharmaceutical production. By positioning industrial byproducts as valuable feedstocks, this review underscores their transformative potential in driving sustainable, resilient, and responsible healthcare manufacturing.

The industrial-scale manufacturing and purification of melittin are of great interest due to its significant antibacterial and anticancer properties. Here, for the first time, prepromelittin (ppMEL), the precursor of melittin-a key component of bee venom-was extracellularly produced by Komagataella phaffii, and an alternating current magnetic field-assisted three-phase partitioning (ACMF-TPP) method was used to concentrate and partially purify the recombinant ppMEL (rppMEL). ACMF-TPP, a novel variation of the traditional TPP method widely used for biomolecular purification, was employed to purify recombinant protein from culture liquid more rapidly and in larger quantities. First, theamplified ppMEL gene was inserted into pPICZαA. So, the obtained pPICZαA-ppMEL was cloned into E. coli. Then, K. phaffii cells were transformed with linearized recombinant DNA, and a yeast clone was cultivated for extracellular rppMEL production. The optimal conditions of ACMF-TPP for the purification and concentration of rppMEL were the following parameters: pH 6.7, 70% w/v ammonium sulfate concentration, a 1:1 ratio of culture liquid to 2-propanol, 100% power, a 10-minute magnetic field duration, and a 70% duty cycle. As a result, it was observed that rppMEL primarily precipitated at the interface and that the difference in recovery efficiency (32.5% for TPP and 66.1% for ACMF-TPP, respectively) was statistically significant. The ACMF-TPP approach exhibited more efficacy than the TPP, demonstrating superior potential for separating and purifying other biomolecules. Moreover, this approach offers a cost-effective and scalable solution for the precise isolation, purification, and concentration of mixture components.

The rising demand for bioactive molecules in agricultural and pharmaceutical industries emphasizes the need for better methods of metabolite production. This finding assesses the impact of abiotic and biotic elicitors, including methyl jasmonate (MeJA), salicylic acid (SA), cadmium chloride (CdCl2), silver nitrate (AgNO3), chitin, and chitosan in Lagenaria siceraria (salad variety bottle gourd) suspension culture. The L. siceraria, a member of the Cucurbitaceae family, is widely valued for its nutritional, economical, and pharmaceutical properties. An optimum callus induction rate was achieved from leaf explants using 1mg/L 2,4-D + 1mg/L BAP. The cell suspension culture was challenged with three different concentrations of selected elicitors, and cell density was evaluated using a trypan blue staining assay. Among the abiotic elicitors, MeJA (75µM) significantly enhanced cell density, whereas chitosan (75mg/L), the most effective biotic elicitor, showed the highest increase in both cell density and metabolite accumulation compared to the control. The GC-MS profiling of L. siceraria elicited suspension culture revealed major metabolites, such as ethyl geranyl acetate; cucurbitacin B dihydro-, isopropyl linoleate; fumaric acid, di(tetradic-3-enyl) ester; isophytol; and tocopherol, in MeJA, SA, AgNO3 and chitosan elicited suspension culture. These findings highlight the effectiveness of elicitation strategies in maximizing secondary metabolite productivity and improving the overall yield of L. siceraria, with potential applications in pharmaceutical and agricultural industries.

Microorganisms drive essential ecosystem functions by mediating carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus transformations that regulate productivity and shape climate feedbacks. Rapid methodological advances now allow precise linkage of microbial identity, in situ activity, and ecosystem processes across spatial and temporal scales. High-resolution approaches-including long-read metagenomics and Hi-C-generate near-complete metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) from diverse environments, enabling reconstruction of microbial and viral-host interaction networks. Activity-resolved tools such as quantitative stable isotope probing (qSIP) and bioorthogonal non-canonical amino acid tagging (BONCAT), combined with fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), yield taxon-specific growth and substrate assimilation rates within hours. Single-cell isotope techniques, including Raman-SIP and nanoSIMS, deliver nanometer-scale metabolic insights. Spatial meta-omics platforms, such as MetaFISH and MALDI-MSI, map metabolites alongside microbial identities with micrometer-level precision. Meanwhile, autonomous sequencing systems, including environmental sample processors and nanopore adaptive sampling, enable real-time (<24h) ecological surveillance. Integrating these multimodal datasets into trait-based frameworks has reduced uncertainty in carbon flux predictions by nearly 20%. This review synthesizes these innovations, outlines optimized analytical pipelines, and proposes a framework for embedding eco-omics into predictive ecosystem and climate models, supporting evidence-driven management aligned with Climate Action and Life on Land.

The derivatives of poly-lysines have a wide range of applications such as food additives, drug carriers, nanoparticles, and hydrogels. The ε-poly-L-lysine (ε-PL) is one of the important derivatives of poly-lysine. Due to its biodegradability, water solubility, and non-toxicity; ε-PL is the most preferred one in these areas. Streptomycetaceae strains produce ε-PL and the main industrial producer microorganism is Streptomyces albulus. ε-PL can be produced by chemical or biological processes; however, fermentation processes are preferable for its yield. To sustain cost-effective production, different studies were performed in the approach of strain isolation and improvement, medium optimization, operation modes, and innovative separation and purification methods. This review discusses recent advancements in purification methods, highlighting techniques that enhance purity and scalability for industrial applications and provides valuable insights to optimize ε-PL production and tailor its properties for diverse applications.

The traditional art of rice beer brewing represents a vital element of the cultural heritage of an ethnic group of southern Assam, India. This study explores the indigenous knowledge, preparation techniques, and socio-cultural significance of rice beer among five ethnic groups, namely the Dimasa Kachari, Hmar, Zeme Naga, Karbi, and Tea tribes. The study was conducted from May to October 2023, across the districts of Cachar, Hailakandi, and Sribhumi, where 49 households were visited and elderly participants aged 50-70 years were interviewed following informed consent. The investigation documented detailed methods of fermentation and variations in starter culture preparation. The plant species used were Acacia pennata, Glycyrrhiza glabra, and Croton joufra, while one species, Ndhui gei, remains unidentified. The findings of the study reveal that rice beer holds distinct ritual, medicinal, and social functions within each community, symbolizing spirituality, unity, and cultural continuity. This study contributes to the preservation of indigenous ethnobotanical knowledge and highlights the biochemical and cultural diversity associated with traditional fermentation practices. Future studies integrating microbial and metabolomic analyses could further elucidate the functional and nutritional potential of these age-old brewing systems, promoting their scientific validation and sustainable preservation.

This research verified the in vitro study of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) extract and cell-free supernatant (CFS) produced from various probiotic Lactobacillus strains and evaluated its function of anti-obesity. The production of SCFAs produced from the combination of L. paracasei SD1 and L. rhamnosus SD11 provided the highest SCFAs content at fermentation at 24 h and 45°C. The CFS exhibits a markedly stronger ability to prevent adipogenesis compared to the extract. Specifically, the combination of L. paracasei SD1 and L. rhamnosus SD11 demonstrates the highest suppression of lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. It was observed that the CFS had a dose-dependently inhibitory effect on adipocyte differentiation, which was linked to a significant downregulation of gene expression levels of C/EBP-β, C/EBP-α, PPARγ, FAS, and LPL. The findings revealed the possibility of utilizing the CFS as a functional food due to its anti-obesity abilities by suppression of adipogenesis/lipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.

Gastrointestinal cancers (GICs) constitute one of the leading causes of cancer-related morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite currently available therapeutic strategies, new approaches and procedures are needed for their prevention and treatment. In this context, bacterial pigments are compounds with diverse biological activities, including anticancer properties. The aim of this systematic review was to analyze the in vitro antitumor activity of pigments derived from bacteria against GICs. A total of 350 articles published between January 2015 and January 2025 were identified from three electronic databases, although only 27 were finally selected after following established inclusion and exclusion criteria. The results showed that prodigiosin was the most frequently studied bacterial pigment, followed by phycocyanin and violacein, whereas colorectal and liver cancers were the most common types of GICs in which these pigments were tested. In addition, these in vitro studies reflected the mechanisms of action responsible for the antiproliferative activity of bacterial pigments, including cell cycle arrest, apoptosis induction, autophagy modulation, and oxidative stress. In conclusion, the great ability of bacteria to produce pigments provides a potentially valuable source of novel candidate compounds for cancer therapy, but further studies in this field will be necessary to prove their value as antitumor agents.