A variety of intestinal parasites, including nematodes and cestodes, can be found in pigeons kept for entertainment or competition. Birds, as well as native wildlife and humans, are susceptible to infection by these worms. This study aims to assess pigeon helminth infections in Zabol County, Iran, and develop strategies for prevention and treatment. The gastrointestinal tracts of 220 pigeons were examined between 2021 and 2022. The pigeons were categorized according to gender, breed, age, medication, and feed type. The digestive tract contents were scraped and washed with warm water while collecting intestinal helminths. Various methods were used to isolate, observe, and identify nematodes and cestodes. The parasites around the esophageal tissue were also examined in this study. 96 positive cases of helminth infection (43.63%) were found in 220 samples of pigeon gastrointestinal tracts. In addition, 52 pigeons had exclusive cestode infections, 14 had nematode infections, and 31 had co-infections. Heterakis gallinarum (H. gallinarum), Eulimdana clava (E. clava), Hadjelia truncate (H. truncate), and Ascaridia columbae (A. columbae) were among the nematodes found. Cestode species identified include Raillietina tetragona (R. tetragona), Raillietina echinobothrida (R. echinobothrida), Raillietina cesticillus (R. cesticillus), Raillietina magninumida (R. magninumida), and Cotugnia digonopora (C. digonopora). An analysis of the statistical data revealed a significant correlation between helminth infection and drug consumption (p=0.001). Infection with nematodes and cestodes is also related to pigeon age (p=0.00001). There was a noteworthy prevalence of cestode and nematode infestations in pigeons in Zabol, Iran, despite the hot and dry conditions. A comprehensive control program is essential to prevent parasite transmission to pigeons and the local avian ecosystem.

India has remarkably managed to successfully develop and approve two vaccines for Covid 19 which are Covaxin and Covishield. Vaccine hesitancy phenomenon is present even among healthcare professionals.acceptance of vaccination by healthcare or medical students is also of paramount importance. To find out the prevalence of vaccine hesitancy and associated factors in medical students of North Delhi. A cross sectional study was planned among 210 undergraduate students from a medical college in New Delhi. The questionnaire consisted of questions about identification data, history of COVID 19 infection, vaccine hesitancy. Data was analyzed by SPSS software version 21.0 and for categorical data analysis Chi- square test was used.Among the study participants, the majority of them (77.6%) belonged to the age group 20-25 years. Males (63.3%) were more as compared to (36.7%) females. The prevalence of vaccine hesitancy was 27.6% among the study participants. Factors like semesters, mother’s education and mother’s occupation of study participants were statistically significantly (p<0.05) associated with vaccine hesitancy regarding COVID 19. Serious side effects, vaccine effectiveness and recent events in the past were the reasons for vaccine hesitancy.This study concludes that about one fourth of study participants were vaccine hesitant.Semesters, mother’s education and mother’s occupation of study participants were statistically significantly (p<0.05) associated with vaccine hesitancy regarding COVID 19 vaccine. About one fourth of study participants had mentioned serious side effects as the reason for vaccine hesitancy. Introduction to an education curriculum in the MBBS can enhance students’ knowledge regarding COVID 19 vaccines and its preventive aspect for future

The role of postprandial hyperglycemia (PPH) is implicated in the etiology of diabetes mellitus and its complications. This study investigated the effect of honey on high glucose-induced PPH in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Diabetes mellitus was induced by administering alloxan [150 mg/kg body weight (BW)] to overnight fasted rats. The diabetic rats were administered drinking water (1 ml/kg BW) or honey (1, 2 or 3 g/kg BW) via oral gavage. Each group comprised 6 rats. Before administration of drinking water or honey, baseline fasting blood glucose (BG) was measured as BG0. BG levels (BG60, BG120 and BG180) were then measured at 60, 120 and 180 minutes, respectively. Estimation of BG parameters [area under the curve (AUC), peak BG (PBG), percentage (%) variation in BG and % change in BG] was performed. The AUC and PBG did not differ in all the diabetic groups (irrespective of administered agents) compared with diabetic control group. Compared with BG0, the BG60 significantly (p < 0.05) increased in diabetic rats that received drinking water or honey (2 or 3 g/kg BW) but not in diabetic rats that received 1 g/kg BW of honey. The diabetic rats that received 1 g/kg BW of honey exhibited significantly (p < 0.05) lower % change in BG compared with the diabetic control rats. The study showed that administration of honey (irrespective of doses) did not deteriorate high glucose-induced PPH in diabetic rats. The study also indicated that 1 g/kg BW of honey was the most effective dose in suppressing PPH.

Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the accumulation of two different proteins, β-amyloid and tau. The present study aimed to scrutinize the effects of bilateral administration of the cannabinoid receptor antagonist (AM251) in the hippocampus on spatial memory and tau gene expression in an Alzheimer's disease model. β-amyloid toxin was injected bilaterally into the hippocampus of Wistar male rats to induce Alzheimer's disease, and the rats were then categorized into the control group (receiving distilled water as β-amyloid toxin solvent), lesion group (receiving β-amyloid toxin), β-amyloid + DMSO group (as antagonist solvent of AM251), and AM251 antagonist receiving groups (5, 25, and 100 ng). During the training course of the Morris water maze test, the antagonist of the cannabinoid 1 receptor AM251 was injected bilaterally into the hippocampus for four days at doses of 5, 25, and 100 ng. To assess the spatial memory of the animals, the parameters of the distance traveled by the animals, latency time to reach the hidden platform, velocity of the animals, and tau gene expression in real time were analyzed. The spatial memory indices were impaired after injection of β-amyloid and AM251 cannabinoid antagonist. The mRNA expression of tau protein increased following the injection of β-amyloid toxin, but there was no significant difference between the cannabinoid antagonist and β-amyloid groups. These results indicate the destructive effect of beta-amyloid toxin on spatial memory, as well as the positive role of the cannabinoid system in memory formation and consolidation, although further studies are warranted in this regard.

Mobile Medical Units (MMUs) are one of the major initiatives under the National Rural Health Mission. These MMUs help people in remote, underserved areas access healthcare at affordable prices on their doorstep. The present record-based study aimed to assess the morbidity profile of the patients attending Mobile Medical Unit camps in the Yadadri-Bhuvanagiri district between April 2022 and December 2022. The MMU is run by the Department of Community and Family Medicine, AIIMS, Bibinagar, in six selected villages of the Yadadri-Bhuvanagiri district. A register is maintained to record the details of patients visiting the MMU camp. Patient's name, age, gender, place, mobile number, height, weight, blood pressure (BP), glucometer Random Blood Sugar, diagnosis, and details of medication dispensed were entered in the register. Diabetes, hypertension, and obesity were diagnosed using the World Health Organization(WHO) criteria, the Eighth Joint National Committee guidelines, and WHO Asia Pacific guidelines, respectively. Mobile Medical Unit Camp data are entered into the Excel database at the end of every month. Since it is a record-based analysis, we used data for analysis between April 7, 2022, and December 31, 2022. A total of 1494 patients were treated in the MMU camps during this period. Among them, 89.4% were adults, and 10.6% were children (less than 18 years). Among 1,336 adult patients, the majority of participants suffered from osteoarthritis, followed by non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The mean scores of systolic and diastolic BP of the adult population were obtained at 131±21 and 77±13 mm Hg, respectively. The mean random blood glucose level of the adult population was 150±74 mg/dl. A total of 158 children were younger than 18 years old, out of whom 78 and 80 participants were males and females, respectively. Moreover, 23.1% and 25% of males and females suffered from upper respiratory tract infections, respectively. The study further suggests that the NCD epidemic is spreading to rural areas where necessary health infrastructure is insufficient. MMUs can bring a significant change to the public health system, which needs to re-orient its priorities.

Leptospirosis is a disease that threatens the health of humans and animals, which is caused by pathogenic Leptospira. Early detection of pathogenic Leptospires prevents many problems. LipL41-OmpL1, a protected outer membrane protein (OMP) of pathogenic Leptospira, was inserted into E. coli bacteria using different software for the amino acid sequence of OmpL1 and LipL41 to design a recombinant fusion protein and then expressed to investigate immunogenicity. The selected genes were propagated and cloned as a fusion in pET32a+ plasmid vector and expressed by Escherichia coli plays S (DE3) by heat shock method. It was evaluated in the BALB/c mouse laboratory animal model. Recombinant LipL41-OmpL1 protein was confirmed using urea purification method and western blot and its immunogenicity was evaluated by measuring high humoral immune stimulation and antibody secretion in BALB/c mice by ELISA method. The results showed that animals that received both OmpL1 and LipL41 proteins had 85% immunogenicity, while the control group that did not receive the fusion protein had only 25% immunogenicity (P < 0.001). Furthermore, no evidence of infection was found in recipients of the OmpL1-LipL41 fusion protein, suggesting that this protein is safe to use. The protective effects of immunization with OmpL1 and LipL41 were synergistic, as significant levels of protection were not observed in animals immunized with OmpL1 or LipL41 alone. Overall, this study highlights the potential of recombinant OmpL1 and LipL41 fusion protein as a promising research strategy on the development of vaccines and ELISA diagnostic kit for prevention and rapid diagnosis of leptospirosis.

This study aimed to determine interaction between muscarinic, NMDA glutamate and glycine receptors on sericin-induced hypophagia in neonatal chicken. This study included 6 experiments with 4 groups in each with 11 repeats for each group. In experiment 1, chicken received ICV injection of the saline, sericin (0.5 n m o l), Telenzepine (M 1 muscarinic receptor antagonist, 125 n m o l), and in group 4 co-injection of the sericin and Telenzepine were applied. In experiments 2-6, chicken received ICV injections of the AF-DX116 (M 2 muscarinic receptor antagonist, 125 n m o l), 4-DAMP (M3 muscarinic receptor antagonist, 125 n m o l), PD102807 (M 4 muscarinic receptor antagonist, 125 nmol), MK-801 (NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist, 15 n m o l), and Strychnine (glycine receptor antagonist, 100 nmol) instead of telenzepine. Then the cumulative food intake was measured at 30, 60 and 120 minutes after the injection. According to the results, ICV injection of the sericin (0.5 n m o l) significantly decreased cumulative food intake comparison to control chicken (P < 0 . 0 5). Co-injection of the telenzepine + sericin significantly decreased sericin induced hypophagia (P < 0.05). Co-injection of the MK - 801 + sericin decreased hypophagic effects of the sericin comparison to control chicken (P < 0. 0 5). Co-injection of the strychnine + sericin decreased hypophagic effects of the sericin comparison to control chicken (P < 0. 05). These findings suggested, sericin-induced hypophagia mediates via M1 muscarinic, NMDA glutamate and glycine receptors in neonatal chicken.

Fish is a crucial component of the diet in both developed and developing countries. It is highly digestible and contains a suitable combination of essential amino acids such as lysine and methionine, which are essential for good health and nutrition. The health benefits of essential polyunsaturated lipid acids, including omega-3 and omega-6 fats, have stimulated interest in increasing seafood intake. However, fresh fish is one of the most perishable foods due to the potent action of autolytic enzymes and microbial activity. In this study, chitosan biofilms containing different concentrations of the orange-peel extract (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5%) were prepared and their physical factors including water vapor permeability (WVP), color, and water solubility (WS) were characterized. Enriching the chitosan-based coatings with orange peel extracts improved physical characteristic factors and WVP, color and WS improved for extending preservation of refrigerated beluga sturgeon so that significant difference in these factors were observed between the enriched coatings and control ones (p<0.05). The fish fillets were analyzed for total lipid (3.33 ± 0.41%), crude protein (14.90 ± 1.04%) and total volatile base nitrogen (10.12 ± 1.15 mg N/100 gr) and then subjected to the three treatments as well as blank coatings with 0.0-1.5% levels of orange peel waste extract for 14 days in 4 ⁰C. The results revealed that the biofilm enriched with 1.5% orange peel waste extract was effective on preserving phenolic compounds and maintaining antioxidant properties of fish fillets during preservation period (p<0.05). The findings of this study revealed that chitosan coating enriched with orange peel extract improved physical factors in the coatings and preserved the antioxidant compounds in the fish fillets and maintained their shelf life through two week refrigerated time.

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) such as, Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and Huntington's disease (HD), are defined by aberrant protein accumulation, brain atrophy, and gradual decline of neuronal function. Despite the considerable endeavors devoted to discovering treatments for NDs in recent decades, the demand for efficient therapeutic agents persists. Sertoli cells (SCs) play a crucial role in providing a supportive structure and environment for the development of germ cells. SCs, whether transplanted as xenogeneic or allogeneic cells, present a viable choice for enhancing graft persistence via the release of immunomodulatory and trophic factors, including neurturin (NTN), platelet-derived growth factor, Fas (CD95) ligand (FasL), glial-derived neurotrophic factor, interleukin 1 (IL1), brain-derived neurotrophic factor, interleukin 6 (IL6), transforming growth factors, and vascular growth factor, that protect replaced cells and tissues from the immune system. However, there is currently no cohesive evidence regarding the neuroprotective influence of SCs transplantation on NDs. Therefore, the focus of this review is to assess the neuroprotective impact of stem cells on neurodegenerative diseases in preclinical settings and present cohesive information. A comprehensive search was conducted between 2000 and 2022 in Medline, Scopus, and the Web of Science. In the identification stage, after a comprehensive search across databases including Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed/Medline, 103 papers were obtained. Our search yielded a total of nine relevant papers on the therapeutic effect of SCs transplantation on NDs. It was found that SCs transplantation exhibits a promising impact on enhancing neurological diseases' symptoms in rats. Our findings highlight the need for multiple standardized preclinical trials to be performed to find reliable information to confirm the utilization of SCs transplantation and the reduction of neurodegenerative disease symptoms.

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD), also called chronic kidney failure, is increasingly recognized as a global public health problem in the entire world. It is characterized by slow, progressive and irreversible loss in kidney physiology. Todays, the prevalence of CKD is increasing dramatically. The CKD can affect almost every organ system including cardiovascular system. Many treatment have been attempted for CKD such as renal transplantation, hemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD). At the end stage of CKD, HD is the most widely used therapy throughout the world. Although, these options can decrease volume expansion and uremic solute retention and also increase patient survival. However, there are certain complications associated with the use of these methods. Previous studies have been reported that the main side effects are headache, muscle cramp, abdominal pain, hypotension, hypertension, vomiting, and constipation. Therefore, the investigation for better and more convenient dialysis technique should continue, as well as the search for a better material to enhance clearance of nitrogenous waste products from the body. The intestine has significant effect in the clearance of nitrogenous waste products from the body. Therefore, it can be an appropriate site for CKD management. The potential mechanism of intestinal dialysis (ID) techniques is that it can absorb excess fluids, uremic toxins and electrolytes within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, and exerts them in the feces before they can be absorbed into the blood. In the present review, we will focus on different absorbents, as a conservative treatment, to remove uremic waste metabolites from the GI tract for improvement of kidney function in chronic kidney disease.