Since the concept of dark matter and dark energy was proposed, it is still unclear what its essence is. This paper will discuss the nature of dark matter and dark energy based on the dualism and its derivative theories or viewpoints. In the process of photon degradation to eight-subphotons in the edge region of sub-galaxy force, the traction force is superimposed on the gravity of adjacent sub-galaxies. Then the so-called dark matter is the dormant generalized photon in space. In addition to the previously known factors, there are three other types of redshift of light waves, namely, low density of space photons, photon degradation and strong light interference. Therefore, it is also concluded that the farther away from the observer, the greater the redshift, without assuming that dark energy drives the expansion of the universe — energy cannot be continuously generated out of thin air.

This paper deals with the ultimate mystery of the universe: what is the physics that is contained in the basic constants of physics? Combined with the real phenomenon, starting from the root, this paper proposes that the most basic elements of the universe are the energy element and the mass element, defined as dualism. The energy element provides the “dynamic” energy of the matter, and the mass element makes the energy element “static” so that it can regulate the movement. A mass element can be combined with 1–9 energy elements to form a matter called a matter element, also known as a generalized photon. Various matter elements produced by different combinations of energy elements with different numbers and angles (or the same angle) and single mass elements, single or multiple matter elements are polymerized to form different types of matter. From this, the analysis is carried out to answer the birth of the matter universe, and to explain the space and matter structure, as well as the operation mechanism of the universe. Based on the explained matter structure and the operation mechanism of the universe, a physical model is established. Based on this model, we derive formulae for the gravitational constant, the electrostatic force constant, and the fine structure constant, and relate basic physical constants. At the same time, the mass quantization value ([Formula: see text][Formula: see text]kg), the energy quantization value ([Formula: see text] Planck constant value) and the generalized photon space number density ([Formula: see text]) are calculated, and so on. Therefore, these theories suggest novel explanations to understand the essence of gravity and the essence of the relationship between space and matter structure and the operation mechanism of the universe as represented by the fine structure constant. By analyzing the basic physical constants, the correctness of dualism and its derivative theory are verified. This also shows that we have found the direction and theoretical basis for correctly understanding the real universe.

One of the great mysteries of physics is why neutron stars, which are timelike matter, have a maximum mass, but Black Holes, which are spacelike matter, have no maximum mass. Indeed, Black Holes have been observed having masses of billions of solar masses. The answer ultimately is related to the stability of Black Holes (BH) against their own gravity, which is the key to understanding General Relativity. We show that the answer to these two related questions is the existence of a fundamental Black Hole constant: [Formula: see text] Newtons, independent of Black Hole mass. This constant allows us to derive the correct area law for Black Hole coalesce.

In this paper, we review the concept and criterion of quantum entanglement in detail, review Bell’s inequality and Bell’s theorem, and introduce the historical experiment verification work on quantum entanglement. According to the physical view of EBSF we have proposed, the physical picture of quantum entanglement is analyzed in detail. We propose that: the invalidity of CHSH inequality means that the local realism — this logic of physics is only applicable to the physical level of matter particles, and is not applicable to quantum mechanics based on quantum states; quantum entanglement is an essential feature of QSS, and quantum entanglement mainly exists in quantum systems containing QSS. In the quantum system composed of QSS, because it is in the physical basic state of the completely symmetric quantum superfluid, mapped to the current space-time — Euclidean space —, “action at a distance” exists; the failure of CHSH inequality means that a quantum system (physical level) composed of QSS does not have Lorentz invariance and cannot be mathematically treated by the so-called QED or QCD field theory; a quantum system is composed of QSS whose space is a kind of quantum topology space; topological space evolves into Hilbert space, which evolves into present-day space (including classical space and general relativistic space); the space-time of the early universe is a kind of quantum topological space-time in condensed matter physics, and today’s space-time is embedded during certain stage of the evolution and condensation of the universe. However, we are confident that the effect of the QSS field (with quantum entanglement) on the existing QED and QCD quantum fields is weak under normal physical conditions.

In a recent paper, “The process of gravity” (2022), we developed the theory to explain gravity, stating that gravity waves are created through a process involving quantum fluctuations of all the molecules of the celestial body. The local fluctuations of adjacent molecules interact, and this process on the macroscopic scale creates the gravitational waves: at steady state, these fluctuations are structured as layers of the onion, generating a force toward the body center of mass. Here, we further develop the theory microscopically, stating that all elementary particles vibrate at their own particular frequency of gravity, generating radiant energy, where their mass determines the radiant pulses strength. These quantum fluctuations are not photons; the fluctuations are connected to the mass. These might be defined as electromagnetic radiant phonons. Yet also, the frequency of gravity might reach 10[Formula: see text]–10[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]Hz, whereas these are not photons, the energy is not high at all. This description is valid also for black holes. There, gravity waves made of electromagnetic fluctuations engulf the singularity. As these fluctuations are connected to the mass, the waves can escape the black hole, within our layering description of gravity. An anti-gravity device should create a fluctuating magnetic field and electric field, in the adequate direction, at the required frequency and strength. The signal should annihilate the Earth’s gravitation waves. In this work, an anti-gravity device is designed and developed. It is based on a Tesla coil circuit of high voltage, and high frequency, connected to a coil on a rotating board, at a condensation temperature, yet all the ingredients are replaced and improved, including the rotation feature.

In this work, we introduce a resonance electrical circuit producing effectively a power, [Formula: see text], much greater than the PSU power, [Formula: see text], that operates it; the additional energy is attributed to the entropic effect of the spins of electrons in the circuit wires, that is regenerated during the resonance and the PSU cycles. (The PSU is the commercial neon sign driver operating at 30[Formula: see text]kHz.) The application (for example, a train of LED bulbs) is placed in between the two ends of the electrical resonance part of the circuit; the circuit can power many more light bulbs than just the PSU can. The reason that the coefficient of performance (COP), COP [Formula: see text]/[Formula: see text], is larger than 1 is that the electrical signal is in a resonance that does not decay at all at the PSU frequency f of 30[Formula: see text]kHz. This behavior is a function of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]; it complements and is independent of the spark gap grounding circuits. A 40-W PSU can power through the circuit 30 LED bulbs in a series, each of 12[Formula: see text]W, and so COP ≤ 9. The circuit can power a controller module, and a step-down transformer. The performance scales with [Formula: see text], is weak for the 25-W PSU and improves with the increase in [Formula: see text]. Yet, also, increasing [Formula: see text] effectively increases both A and V (V for volts and A for amperage) and keeping A low masks the full power of the effect. We derive the formula for the additional energy [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], with coefficients that might also depend on [Formula: see text] and V, introducing nonlinear effects.

In this work, we suggest that an imaginary mass field (or the orthogonal field) is what creates gravity, through a process similar to that which appeared in our previous works [O. Flomenbom, The process of gravity, Rep. Adv. Phys. Sci. 6 (2022) 2250003; Quantum mechanics and gravity resonance together, Rep. Adv. Phys. Sci. 8 (2024) 2471001]. The imaginary mass has a signal faster than light speed c, scaling numerically as ∼ [Formula: see text], influencing the real space through the creation of gravitational waves; surrounding real mass or real energy as photons, giving photons their velocity of the speed light, and giving mass to all other particles. The gravitational waves propagate faster than the speed of light, yet the digesting velocity of the real matter “above” is the speed of light (meaning for example that all the planets in the solar system feel changes in the sun’s gravity at the same instant, and this is a fraction of a second after it occurred). When there are no particles or energy “above” this field, it can generate real gravitational sieves, that upon colliding create a cascade resulting in a big bang; therefore this description can also answer what will happen at the end, in addition to the beginning. The imaginary field particles vibrate in the imaginary mass space, and therefore do not absorb radiation photons of the real space, so do not cool down the real environment. The field is like a fluid and can change density depending on the real mass “above” it, where its particles’ size scales are 10[Formula: see text] m. Einstein spacetime equations represent the dynamics of this fluid like imaginary mass field, in particular when interacting with real mass or energy through the gravitational waves. Among the extraordinaire capabilities of this simple description: (1) replacing the Higgs field and mechanism; (2) generating dark energy and dark matter, (3) explaining spacetime microscopically and connecting spacetime to quantum mechanics; therefore forming the theory of everything. (4) creating a big bang, therefore also the origin of matter (the dynamics before the big bang), (5) connecting the speed of light to the gravity constant and other constants, (6) solving questions about time travel: within this approach, we can view the past and visit the present time of distant planets, (7) designing anti-gravity technologies and others.