Climate change caused by human emissions of greenhouse gases, especially carbon dioxide (CO2), is one of the most important environmental challenges that the world is facing today. Understanding the spatial and temporal dynamics of CO2 emissions is critical to inform effective mitigation strategies. This study investigated the carbon emission profile of Hunan Province, an important industrial and economic region in southern China. Using remote sensing technology, spatial statistical techniques, and time series modelling, the researchers identified high-risk and low-risk carbon emission clusters in Hunan Province. In addition, the study examined the key socio-economic and energy-related factors that drive CO2 output. Finally, the authors developed a forecasting model to predict the trace of carbon emissions over the next decade. The results demonstrate the power of integrating statistical methods and geographic forecasting to provide evidence-based insights to support carbon management policies at the province level. This multifaceted methodology can be replicated in other regions to strengthen greenhouse gas monitoring and emission reduction planning at domestic scales. These findings underscore the critical role of China's provinces in addressing the global climate crisis through targeted data-driven mitigation efforts.

The paper presents a procedure for measuring the volume of an atypical object with an irregular shape, which is a rock formation located in the Wietrznia Nature Reserve in Kielce. Two measurement techniques were used: GNSS-RTK and terrestrial laser scanning. The use of independent measurement technologies allowed comparison of the results obtained. The results obtained lead to a discussion on the influence of the density of measurement points on the quality of the obtained results. On the basis of the measurements made, it is also possible to assess the labour intensity of the solutions applied.

Mobile mapping, a technology that integrates digital imaging with direct georeferencing, has developed rapidly. This article provides an overview of the development and current state of digital mobile mapping, emphasising the rapid development of this field from academic research to a commercially viable industry. The analysis of cited papers contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the market landscape. The article reviews mobile and handheld scanners. The introduction highlights the significant impact of mobile mapping systems on geospatial technologies, enabled by advancements in photogrammetry, computer vision, and robotics. Low-cost survey sensors with diverse specifications have further enhanced the systems and their applications, making mobile mapping more flexible and cost-effective. The article acknowledges the absence of a single widely adopted mobile mapping standard for a system and it aims to present a comprehensive meta-review of sensor suites and associated mobile mapping systems. The article presents studies demonstrating the accuracy achieved by scientists using mobile mapping systems, highlighting the role of sensors like LiDAR, cameras, and GNSS receivers. An analysis of the specifications of mobile mapping systems reveals diverse possibilities, including the integration of LiDAR and cameras or the limitation to one type of data acquisition. Manufacturers have focused on enhancing platform connectivity to various mobile mechanisms, expanding adaptability in challenging conditions. The article concludes with future trends, highlighting the democratisation of laser scanners, refinement of mobile and airborne scanning platforms, the ubiquity of terrestrial laser scanners, integration with complementary technologies, and advancements in development of airborne scanning systems. It predicts advancements in sensor technologies, positioning systems, data processing techniques, and integration with emerging technologies like artificial intelligence and machine learning. The future of mobile mapping technology entails continuous innovation and refinement to create more accurate, efficient, and versatile systems. What used to be a topic of academic study, has become a commercially viable industry.

The purpose of this article is to present the architectural documentation of the Bishops’ Palace in Kielce. This palace, built between 1637 and 1641, is a historical object part of the National Museum in Kielce. Photogrammetric documentation was presented in the form of orthoimages with hybrid vector supplementation, along with a comparison of the results obtained from terrestrial laser scanning of the historical object. The article discusses the advantages and limitations of the traditional photogrammetric method in the inventory of historical objects, as well as the possibilities of using terrestrial laser scanning for the inventory of monuments. Emphasis is placed on the importance of using high-quality equipment to combine laser scanning results and photogrammetric images to achieve a final result of good quality both visually and geometrically.

Neural Radiance Fields (NeRF) is another 3D reconstruction method developed in recent years using artificial intelligence. This paper focuses on the study of object reconstruction using NeRF in the representation of objects such as telecommunication masts. Experiments were conducted using the Mega-NeRF model and two models (Nerfacto and Nerfacto-big) provided by the Nerfstudio framework on a UAV dataset. Various models and training parameters were tested, and the results were compared with reference data obtained from UAV photogrammetry and TLS laser scanning. The final analysis of the accuracy of the point clouds generated by the NeRF models indicated that they were of similar quality to the reference data, with slight differences in density and accuracy for different models and settings. The potential of NeRF methods for reconstructing 3D objects was demonstrated, especially in the context of mapping telecommunications masts, while noting the challenges associated with training parameters and the specifics of the analyzed object.

Poland and the world possess rich and valuable archives of aerial photographs acquired throughout the 20th century. Compared to other archival data, such as satellite imagery, this source of information could be utilized more extensively. Aerial photographs hold high potential for research in various fields, including urban development, land use changes, and long-term environmental monitoring. In Poland, systematic aerial photography campaigns have been conducted nationwide since the mid-20th century. Over the past decade, these photographs have been primarily digitized and are now accessible in digital format. The combined resources of the Head Office of Geodesy and Cartography (GUGiK) and the Central Archives of the Military Historical Office (CAW WBH) amount to over 1.5 million analog images of Poland's current territory. These archival aerial datasets consist of long series of images, captured at dense intervals (typically every five to ten years), and are characterized by very high spatial resolution (ranging mainly from 20 cm to 1 m). Their significant overlap enables stereoscopic measurements. This article chronicles the successive stages of digitizing aerial images in Poland, compares the size of these resources with those in other European countries, and concludes that Poland's analog photo archives align well with European standards in terms of quality and frequency of data acquisition. They represent an invaluable source of knowledge about historical land cover forms.

This paper aims to present the results of a study of selected measurement methods, i.e. photogrammetry and laser scanning, used to study aircraft geometrisation. The research was conducted on a selected aircraft made available courtesy of Margański & Mysłowski S.A., i.e. the EM 11C „Orka” type aircraft. The authors in this work focused on measurement methods such as: accurate geodetic measurement and laser scanning with taking photographs. which later allowed to obtain comprehensive and accurate documentation. The terrestrial laser scanning was carried out using two independent devices supported by the geodetic survey, with a very precise determination of the photopoints. In order to reproduce the actual shape and appearance of the object, the acquired point cloud was coloured. As a result of the data acquisition and processing, a three-dimensional (3D) solid was obtained, consisting of a multi-million point cloud.

The aim of this experiment is the evaluation of using aerial data for generating the Canopy Height Model (CHM). The area of interest is the part of Biebrza National Park. The data used in the experiment were aerial photos and LiDAR point clouds. The acquisition of data was part of the HabitARS project, The innovative approach supporting the monitoring of non-forest Natura 2000 habitats using remote sensing methods. During the experiment, Canopy Height Models were generated using image matching and airborne laser scanning (ALS) point clouds and were compared with each other. ALS data are better for generating CHM – the shape of the canopy is mapped more precisely and the boundaries between tree canopies are more clearly marked. More details of forest stands are visible on ALS products. There are quite significant differences in height values between models on the edges of the forest stand and in the free spaces between trees. Vegetation is often a source of errors in matching images, so the image matching point cloud has different characteristics. Errors in height appear mainly on the edges of the canopies and shaded areas. However, image matching point clouds can be used in multi-time analyses when historical ALS data is unavailable.

The article presents the profile of Professor Andrzej Borkowski, who was born in 1959 and passed away in 2021. For most of his life, the professor of the Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, heading the Institute of Geodesy and Geoinformatics. His main scientific interests were photogrammetry and airborne laser scanning, especially in the field of data processing of these technologies and integration with other remote sensing techniques. He was the author or co-author of about 300 scientific papers, and the supervisor of about eighty diploma theses. He promoted ten doctors. He was active in the Polish Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, the Association of Polish Surveyors; he was involved in cooperation with foreign organizations, i.e. the International Association of Geodesy (IAG). The article in Polish and English summarizes his important scientific achievements for Polish and international photogrammetry and remote sensing.

This publication assesses the quality of airborne laser scanning using Single-photon LiDAR technology for Pamplona, located in Navarre, northern Spain. The paper uses reference data sets acquired with traditional (linear) scanners to compare the new single-photon method with the multi-photon technology that has been known on the market for many years. The main issue of the research was to evaluate the quality of the new single-photon scanner method concerning the accuracy and parameters obtained by scanners representing the older and better-known multi-photon method. The single-photon scanner data set was subjected to a detailed and thorough evaluation of the accuracy and quality of the data in terms of vegetation penetration, bathymetric measurement capabilities, and the quality of the height models created compared with the reference data. The research made it possible to draw several conclusions, which led to the determination of the final position of the studied single-photon data, along with demonstrating their strengths and advantages. The analyses also made it possible to indicate the range of applications in which typical linear (multi-photon) scanners still have their advantage.