Background . Modern military conflicts are characterized by an increase in the incidence of mine-blast wounds (MBWs). Bacterial infection may lead to severe purulent complications. The microbial landscape and antibiotic susceptibility of bacteria in MBWs are poorly understood and remain a subject of debate. The aim of this study was to analyze the species composition and antibiotic resistance of bacteria in patients with lower extremity MBWs. Material and methods . The results of examination and treatment of 575 patients with lower extremity MBWs were retrospectively analyzed. The median age of the wounded was 35 years [IQR: 18–60], and the median time since the injury was 16 days [IQR: 4–62]. Microbiological examination included qualitative analysis of bacterial flora and determination of antibiotic susceptibility. Wound discharge and tissues obtained during surgical debridement (SD) were examined. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using the disk diffusion method. Results . Co-infection was predominant and amounted to 70.1% of the cases. Among gram-positive microorganisms, Enterococcus faecalis was most common at 43.9%. Among gram-negative bacteria, the most common were: Acinetobacter spp. — 39.3%, Pseudomonas aeruginosa — 19.9%, Klebsiella pneumoniae — 18.9%, Escherichia coli — 12.2%, Enterobacter spp. — 11.4%. The longer the time since the injury, the more frequently gram-negative microorganisms were isolated. The highest polyantibiotic resistance was noted among Acinetobacter spp. (69.6%), K. pneumoniae (66.5%) and P. aeruginosa (40.1%). The need for repeated chemical wound ablation was observed more often when Acinetobacter spp. and P. aeruginosa were isolated (69.8% and 42.5%). Conclusion . MBWs are characterized by high levels of microbial associations and gram-negative flora, the number of which increased over time after the wound formation. This demonstrates the importance of controlling wound contamination with hospital-acquired, polyantibiotic-resistant microflora.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of two dosing regimens of Grammidin® with anesthetic (metered-dose oropharyngeal spray) in the treatment of acute infectious inflammatory conditions of the pharynx. Materials and methods . The study included a total of 222 patients presenting with sore throat as the predominant symptom, diagnosed with acute pharyngitis, acute nasopharyngitis, or acute exacerbation of chronic pharyngitis. Participants were randomized in a 1:1:1 allocation ratio to 3 parallel groups of equal size (N = 74 per group). Patients randomized to group 1 received Grammidin® with anesthetic (metered-dose oropharyngeal spray), 2 sprays every 6 hours (3 times daily) after meals; participants in group 2 received the same formulation, 4 sprays every 6 hours (3 times daily) after meals; and participants in group 3 received Septolete® Total (lozenges; benzydamine hydrochloride 3 mg and cetylpyridinium chloride 1 mg), 1 lozenge every 6 hours (3 times daily). The treatment duration was 7 days. Efficacy was assessed based on: reduction in sore throat intensity, measured using a visual analog scale (VAS); changes in symptom severity according to the Tonsillopharyngitis Clinical Scoring Scale; presence and severity of erythema and edema of the pharyngeal and tonsillar mucosa, as well as the severity of systemic intoxication symptoms. Results . Primary endpoint analysis (ITT population) confirmed a statistically significant dose-related effect of Grammidin® with anesthetic: the 4-spray regimen demonstrated greater reduction in VAS throat pain scores 60 minutes after the first administration in contrast with both comparators. Mean differences (rounded to 1 decimal place) were 9.29 mm in the Grammidin® with anesthetic 2-spray regimen group and 11.66 mm in the Septolete® Total group, respectively. By day 8, all patients demonstrated clinically significant improvement, with no statistically significant between-group differences ( P = 0.197). Per-protocol analysis on day 8 confirmed sustained symptomatic benefit of Grammidin® with anesthetic over Septolete® Total across both dose levels on the Tonsillopharyngitis Clinical Scoring Scale (2 sprays vs comparator: P = 0.008; 4 sprays vs comparator: P = 0.024), supporting a consistent clinical benefit. Conclusion . The 4-spray, 3-times-daily (after meals) regimen of Grammidin® with anesthetic for 7 days demonstrated a clinically relevant benefit over both the 2-spray regimen (3-times-daily after meals) and the active comparator, Septolete® Total (1 lozenge every 6 hours 3 times daily), in the treatment of acute infectious-inflammatory pharyngeal conditions. The safety profile of Grammidin® with anesthetic was consistent across dose levels, with no clinically important differences observed relative to Septolete® Total.

Mycobacteriophages – viruses that infect members of the genus Mycobacterium — are emerging as a rapidly advancing platform for the diagnosis and treatment of infections caused by both tuberculous and nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). This review critically summarizes current approaches to (i) the discovery and isolation of native mycobacteriophages from environmental substrates; (ii) their biological and morphological characterization; (iii) molecular identification and genome annotation; (iv) targeted modification and construction of recombinant phages (including BRED) with desired properties; (v) development of pharmaceutical formulations, quality control, and biosafety; and (vi) strategies for personalized phage therapy of NTM infections, as well as the potential of reporter phages for diagnostics. Limitations (narrow host range activity, emergence of bacterial resistance, interactions with the immune system), regulatory and technological barriers, and perspectives on integrating phage platforms with antibiotic therapy and bioengineering are discussed. Standardized workflows for sampling, screening, purification, and quality control, as well as minimal research and clinical documentation sets, are proposed.

Behind great discoveries there are always people whose lives are pushed into the background, yet they can inspire new generations to new achievements. One such person is Tamara Iosifovna Balezina, who discovered the Soviet penicillin and interferon; however, her contribution to science is little known. In this article her life and previously unknown details of the discovery of the Soviet penicillin are described based on the surviving sources, as well as on the information from the archive of the Balezin family, kindly provided by the son of Tamara Iosifovna to the author. The discovery that was made during the hard days of the Great Patriotic War (World War II). The article is accompanied by the unique photographs and documents, published for the first time, as well as by the only surviving image of the culture of the fungus Penicillium crustosum collected from the air of bomb shelter located in a residential building.

The aim of the study was to compare the effectiveness of transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) and prostate enucleation in elderly patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), taking into account nutritional status, and to evaluate the relevance of including Remaxol in their perioperative nutritional support regimens. Material and Methods . Data from 75 patient records aged 61–75 years were retrospectively analyzed. Of these, 50 patients (the study group) underwent transurethral resection, and 25 (the comparison group) underwent laser enucleation of the prostate. In addition to standard clinical and laboratory tests, the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) scale and a sarcopenia test (gait test, bioimpedance analysis, and chair stand test) were performed. Based on the data obtained, an alimentary-volemic diagnosis was formed and nutritional deficiency was corrected. Results . When comparing the effects of surgical treatments for BPH in elderly patients (TURP and prostate enucleation) on their nutritional status, no significant differences were found in the formation of the AVD. Postoperative comprehensive nutritional support contributed to the normalization of blood biochemical parameters, particularly transaminase levels, and an improvement in the general condition of patients, manifested in a 1.5-fold reduction in the length of stay in the intensive care unit and the overall hospitalization period compared to average values. It was also noted that recovery after TURP was somewhat longer than after laser enucleation of the prostate, which may be due to the latter's low traumatic nature. For patients with intoxication syndrome and changes in transaminase levels, it is advisable to include a medication with hepatoprotective and antioxidant properties (Remaxol) in their nutritional support regimen. Conclusion . The issue of perioperative nutritional support for elderly urological patients is relevant and feasible and is being developed based on an alimentary-volemic diagnosis.

Relevance . The increase in the incidence of drug-resistant tuberculosis necessitates the use of new etiotropic drugs. One of such contemporary drugs is bedaquiline. The literature on the safety and efficacy of bedaquiline in the treatment of tuberculosis in children of early and preschool age is limited. The aim of the study was to assess the tolerability and effectiveness of treatment regimens, including bedaquiline, in children of early and preschool age with active tuberculosis with drugresistant MBT sites. Clinical observation of 7 children of early and preschool age receiving bedaquiline included in the standard chemotherapy regimens for tuberculosis with drug-resistant pathogen sites. Results . Data were obtained on good tolerability and high clinical efficacy of bedaquiline included in standard chemotherapy regimens. Conclusion . It is advisable to continue the clinical use of bedaquiline in children of younger and preschool age.

Exogenous and endogenous hormones are found in many foods — from steroid implants and recombinant growth factors used in livestock and dairy production to natural hormones present in animal products. Due to the growing incidence of endocrine and reproductive diseases, an analysis of current data on the way dietary hormones affect human physiology and health was conducted. These substances include synthetic growth promoters, animal steroids, and plant phytoestrogens, which can enter the human diet through the consumption of meat, dairy, and soy products. The mechanisms of action of hormonal substances on the human body were examined, as well as data on endocrine disruption, cancer risk, and reproductive outcomes. Epidemiological and experimental studies have found associations between dietary hormone consumption and endocrine disruption, changes in the timing of puberty and fertility, metabolic dysfunctions, and hormone-dependent cancers. The complexity of this topic lies in the lack of consensus on the relationship between the consumption of hormone-containing products and the development of these diseases, resulting in varying approaches to regulating intake levels across countries. Therefore, this review provides an overview of global regulatory limits for hormone content in foods, examines the types and origins of these compounds, summarizes data on their impact on human and animal health, as well as discusses the risks and prospects of long-term consumption of endocrine disruptors.

Background . Capreomycin is a multicomponent natural antibiotic and is a mixture of 4 related compounds (capreomycins IA, IB, IIA, and IIB). Quality control of capreomycin medicinal preparations by active substance is carried out according to the «capreomycin I» indicator, not taking into account the individual contributions of capreomycins IA and IB. With this approach, no correlation is observed between the total content of capreomycin IA and IB components determined by chromatographic methods and capreomycin activity determined by microbiological methods. WHO recommended studying the feasibility of introducing the ratio between capreomycin IA and IB in the specifications for capreomycin preparations. The aim of the study was to develop a technique for quantitative estimation of the capreomycin IA and IB content ratio in the drug preparation Capreomycin sulphate using NMR spectroscopy. Objects of the study . Capreomycin sulphate standard samples, pharmaceutical preparations Capreomycin, powder for preparation of solutions for intravenous and intramuscular administration from various manufacturers. Material and methods: NMR spectroscopy, HPLC. Results. Structural interpretation of 1H and 13C spectra of capreomycin sulfate in D₂O solution was performed. 13C spectra revealed characteristic signals of capreomycin IA and IB, which did not overlap with the signals of minor capreomycin components and related impurities. On the basis of normalized integral intensities, the ratio of mole fractions of capreomycin IA and IB (IA/IB) was calculated. The results of IA/IB measurement using 13C NMR and HPLC practically coincide when the chromatographic conditions allow separating the signals of the major and impurity components of capreomycin on the chromatogram.

Antibiotics, which evolved as a chemical weapon of some bacteria against others, are primarily known for their microbicidal and/or bacteriostatic effects; however, they also have numerous pleiotropic effects: anti-amyloid, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic. This review considers antibiotics with a translation-inhibiting mechanism of action, primarily tetracyclines, in the context of their non-antibiotic biological aspect, namely, the possibilities of supportive therapy for neurodegenerative diseases, as well as their antimitochondrial action and the mediated effect of aging cancellation.

Cephalosporins are important agents in the treatment of a wide range of bacterial infections. Since the isolation of their first representative in 1945, they have become widespread both in local treatment of infections and in complex treatment in hospitals. A special place among cephalosporins is occupied by a representative of their third generation, cefixime. It is not only the first semi-synthetic, orally active, and effective antibiotic, but it also demonstrates remarkable antibacterial activity against a wide range of bacterial strains. The choice of dosage form for oral administration of cefixime remains relevant to this day. A rather modest range of cephalosporin antibiotics in capsule form and cefixime in oral forms is sold on the Russian market in 2025. Despite the potential material costs in production, capsules containing cefixime as an active pharmaceutical substance may be eligible candidates for the treatment of a wide range of bacterial infections due to a number of advantages of this particular dosage form. The review presents brief information about cephalosporins (history of discovery, classification, spectrum of action, scheme of semi-synthetic synthesis, etc.), as well as advantages and disadvantages of oral capsule dosage form. Also, the state of the Russian pharmaceutical market regarding registered capsule dosage forms based on cephalosporins and, in general, oral dosage forms based on a representative of class 3 cephalosporins, cefixime, had been analyzed.