In this article, we present an experimental overview of quarkonium results obtained in nucleus–nucleus collisions with a focus on the data collected at the LHC. We discuss the current understanding of charmonium and bottomonium behavior in the deconfined medium produced in such collisions, and we compare the currently accessible observables with predictions from state-of-the-art theoretical models. We also discuss the open questions and explain how future heavy-ion experiments aim to clarify these aspects.

Self-consistent, multidimensional core-collapse (CC) supernova (SN) simulations, especially in three dimensions, have achieved tremendous progress over the past 10 years. They are now able to follow the entire evolution from CC through bounce, neutrino-triggered shock revival, and shock breakout at the stellar surface to the electromagnetic SN outburst and the subsequent SN remnant phase. Thus they provide general support for the neutrino-driven explosion mechanism by reproducing observed SN energies, neutron star (NS) kicks, and diagnostically relevant radioactive isotope yields. They also allow prediction of neutrino and gravitational wave signals for many seconds of proto-NS cooling, confirm correlations between explosion and progenitor or remnant properties already expected from previous spherically symmetric (one-dimensional) and two-dimensional models, and carve out various scenarios for stellar-mass black hole (BH) formation. Despite these successes, it is currently unclear which stars explode or form BHs because different modeling approaches disagree and suggest the possible importance of the three-dimensional nature of the progenitors and of magnetic fields. The role of neutrino flavor conversion in SN cores needs to be better understood, the nuclear equation of state (including potential phase transitions) implies major uncertainties, the SN 1987A neutrino measurements raise new puzzles, and tracing a possible correlation of NS spins and kicks requires still more refined SN simulations.

Neutrinos are neutral in the Standard Model, but they have tiny charge radii generated by radiative corrections. In theories beyond the Standard Model, neutrinos can also have magnetic and electric moments and small electric charges (millicharges). We review the general theory of neutrino electromagnetic form factors, which reduce, for ultrarelativistic neutrinos and small momentum transfers, to the neutrino charges, effective charge radii, and effective magnetic moments. We discuss the phenomenology of these electromagnetic neutrino properties and review the existing experimental bounds. We also briefly review the electromagnetic processes of astrophysical neutrinos and the neutrino magnetic moment portal in the presence of sterile neutrinos.

Accurate neutrino transport is crucial for reliably modeling explosive astrophysical events like core-collapse supernovae (CCSNe) and neutron star mergers (NSMs). However, in these extremely neutrino-dense systems, flavor oscillations exhibit challenging nonlinear effects rooted in neutrino–neutrino forward scattering. Evidence is quickly accumulating that these collective phenomena can substantially affect explosion dynamics, neutrino and gravitational-wave signals, nucleosynthesis, and kilonova light curves. We review the progress made so far on the difficult and conceptually deep question of how to correctly include this physics in simulations of CCSNe and NSMs. Our aim is to take a broad view of where the problem stands and provide a critical assessment of where it is headed.

The proton–proton collisions at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) produce an intense, high-energy beam of neutrinos of all flavors collimated in the forward direction. Recently, two dedicated neutrino experiments, FASER (Forward Search Experiment) and SND@LHC (Scattering and Neutrino Detector at the LHC), have started operating to take advantage of the TeV-energy LHC neutrino beam. First results were released in 2023, and further results were released in 2024. The first detection of neutrinos produced at a particle collider opens up a new avenue of research, enabling the study of the highest-energy neutrinos produced in a controlled laboratory environment, with an associated broad and rich physics program. Neutrino measurements at the LHC will provide important contributions to QCD, neutrino, and BSM (beyond the Standard Model) physics and have significant implications for astroparticle physics. This review summarizes the physics motivation, status, and plans regarding present and future neutrino experiments at the LHC.

This article reviews the calculation of nuclear Schiff moments, which one must know in order to interpret experiments that search for time-reversal-violating electric dipole moments in certain atoms and molecules. After briefly reviewing the connection between dipole moments and CP violation in and beyond the Standard Model of particle physics; Schiff's theorem, which concerns the screening of nuclear electric dipole moments by electrons; Schiff moments; and experiments to measure dipole moments in atoms and molecules, this review examines attempts to compute Schiff moments in nuclei such as 199Hg and octupole-deformed isotopes such as 225Ra, which are particularly useful in experiments. It then turns to ab initio nuclear-structure theory, describing ways in which both the in-medium similarity renormalization group and coupled-cluster theory can be used to compute important Schiff moments more accurately than the less controlled methods that have been applied so far.

Lattice effective field theory applies the principles of effective field theory in a lattice framework where space and time are discretized. Nucleons are placed on the lattice sites, and the interactions are tuned to replicate the observed features of the nuclear force. Monte Carlo simulations are then employed to predict the properties of nuclear few- and many-body systems. We review the basic methods and several theoretical and algorithmic advances that have been used to further our understanding of atomic nuclei.

This article reviews the development and achievements of the Jinping Underground Nuclear Astrophysics (JUNA) experimental platform and focuses on the direct measurement of reaction rates within or near the Gamow window in deep-underground astrophysical experiments. It discusses the advantages of conducting experiments in the deep-underground environment of the China Jinping Underground Laboratory (CJPL), which provides significant shielding from cosmic rays along with milliampere-level intensity from the JUNA accelerator. This shielding and the high beam intensity are crucial for accurately measuring very-low-cross-section nuclear reactions essential to understanding astrophysical processes, such as the synthesis of heavy elements in stars from neutron sources and CNO cycle leakage. The manuscript also covers technological achievements, including advancements in ion sources, accelerators, detectors, and targets used in the JUNA experiment. The physics results from these experiments provide valuable data for key reactions, such as neutron source reactions and radiative capture reactions, as well as for the production of heavy elements in early stars. Future plans for the JUNA experiment are also outlined.