This article aims to reveal the beginning of Muhammadiyah's entry in Ciledug, Tangerang City, and its development in the lives of the Ciledug community from 1985 to 2012, as well as the challenges faced and Muhammadiyah's contribution to the welfare of the community in Ciledug, Tangerang. This study uses a qualitative method with a descriptive approach. Respondents in this study were Muhammadiyah figures in Ciledug, leaders of Muhammadiyah institutions, and the community. The results of this study reveal that Muhammadiyah entered the Ciledug Tangerang area around 1958. There are challenges and achievements in the development of Muhammadiyah in Ciledug, Tangerang. The challenges faced by Muhammadiyah in Ciledug, Tangerang are community rejection, such as the prohibition of religious studies, sabotage during the construction of mosques, and the prohibition of schools for children of Muhammadiyah members. The achievements that Muhammadiyah has successfully achieved in Ciledug, Tangerang are contributions through charitable efforts in the fields of da'wah, education, social, and health. Thus, it can be concluded that the difficulties faced by Muhammadiyah in spreading its influence in the Ciledug, Tangerang community did not actually make Muhammadiyah back down from spreading its influence in the Ciledug, Tangerang community. Instead, Muhammadiyah continued to strive to improve the welfare of the community in Ciledug, Tangerang, through charitable activities. Therefore, as it developed, Muhammadiyah was well-received by all levels of Ciledug, Tangerang society. Muhammadiyah then developed into a large organization that continues to this day.

Discrimination against Muslim communities is a persistent global phenomenon with significant implications for individual well-being and social cohesion. This study aims to systematically synthesise empirical evidence on the experiences of discrimination faced by Muslim communities in different countries and analyse its impact on psychological, social and economic aspects. Using a meta-analysis approach, this study collected and analysed data from relevant quantitative studies published between 2020 and 2024, which were identified through comprehensive searches on electronic databases such as Scopus, Web of Science, PsycINFO, and PubMed, as well as manual searches. Strict inclusion criteria were applied to ensure the quality and relevance of the studies. Pooled effect sizes will be calculated using random-effects models to estimate the prevalence of different forms of discrimination (e.g., in the workplace, education, public spaces) and the magnitude of their impact (e.g., on mental health, identity, social participation). Heterogeneity analyses and subgroup analyses will be conducted to explore variation in findings across geographic contexts and other study characteristics. The results of this meta-analysis are expected to provide a comprehensive picture of the scale and manifestation of discrimination against Muslims, as well as its scientifically documented impact. The conclusions of this study will highlight important implications for the development of more effective anti-discrimination policies, intervention programmes, as well as future research agendas to promote equality and inclusion for the global Muslim community. Recommendations from this study emphasise the urgency for policymakers to strengthen anti-discrimination laws and enforcement mechanisms, for educators and practitioners to design culturally sensitive interventions that support Muslim communities, and for researchers to expand cross-regional studies that can capture underrepresented contexts. These actions are expected to foster inclusivity, reduce prejudice, and enhance the resilience and well-being of Muslim individuals and communities worldwide.

This paper discusses the formation process of the Indonesian Muslim intellectual community, INSISTS (Institute for the Study of Islamic Thought and Civilizations). The emergence of INSISTS cannot be separated from the broader socio-political and intellectual context in post-Reformation Indonesia, a period marked by the opening of democratic space, the rise of various Islamic movements, and intense debates over the direction of Islamic thought. The 9/11 tragedy and its global repercussions further intensified concerns about the future of Islam, as liberal narratives—promoted domestically by the Liberal Islamic Network (Jaringan Islam Liberal, JIL), gained prominence in Indonesia’s public sphere. Against this backdrop, INSISTS was formed as a response to liberal thinking, seeking to offer an alternative intellectual framework rooted in Islamic tradition. Unlike previous studies on INSISTS that focused primarily on Islamic thought, this study examines INSISTS through the lens of anthropological studies of friendship in the making of Muslim intellectual communities. It highlights that the formation of the INSISTS community is inseparable from the common interests of its actors, particularly the struggle for the Islamization of science. This struggle is carried out by INSISTS actors through continuous intellectual and social activities that reinforce solidarity, networks of friendship, and a shared vision of resisting liberal Islamic influences.

The phenomenon under investigation is how European media frames Muslim women in its reporting, often trapped in stereotypes and misrepresentations. The aim of this study is to critically examine the representation of Muslim women in Europe in news texts. This study uses a critical discourse analysis method, adapting Sara Mills' deconstruction theory, which focuses on how the position of Muslim women actors is constructed through media representation. The data sources include news articles covering Muslim women in several European media outlets over the past five years. The data is analyzed by identifying discourse patterns that form the dominant representation of them and deconstructing these narratives to reveal how existing ideologies influence public understanding. The findings suggest that veiled Muslim women face systemic discrimination in the European labor market, particularly in countries like Germany and the Netherlands, which challenges the principle of religious neutrality and calls for urgent policy reform. At the intersection of gender and religion, they are especially vulnerable to structural inequalities, with dominant narratives often framing them as "other" and overlooking their autonomy. Their attempts to engage fully in society are frequently met with exclusion, such as through legal measures like the hijab ban, which portrays their visibility as threatening. This study holds significant value in offering insights into the importance of a more critical and diverse understanding of Muslim women's representations in the media and its contribution to shaping public opinion in Europe.

This study investigates the complex ways in which communication technology influences the development and strengthening of a global Muslim identity. The research employs a system dynamics approach, utilizing the Causal Loop Diagram (CLD) methodology to construct a comprehensive visual model. This model systematically illustrates the interconnected variables and intricate feedback mechanisms that drive this contemporary phenomenon. The CLD reveals how the widespread proliferation of diverse digital platforms and social media channels enables the rapid and far-reaching dissemination of religious discourses. This process, in turn, fosters the organic emergence of robust online Muslim communities, creating a dynamic cycle. The model further elucidates how these online communities and their interactions contribute to a heightened sense of shared identity and collective consciousness, particularly when operating within broader socio-political contexts. Through a detailed analysis of these dynamic interdependencies, the study identifies critical leverage points for positive change and also highlights potential unforeseen outcomes associated with the powerful role of technology in shaping a unified global Muslim identity. The principal findings point to a powerful reinforcing feedback loop where increased online engagement leads directly to a more cohesive community, which subsequently drives even greater participation and a stronger sense of transnational belonging. The major conclusion is that communication technology acts as a fundamental catalyst for a new form of religious identity that transcends geographical borders. Ultimately, the study's contributions offer valuable and timely insights for both scholars and policymakers seeking to comprehend the evolving nature of religious identity in the digital era and its broader societal implications.

This study establishes the role of digital literacy in explaining the connection between Islamic primary education and the current role of Pakistani youth in the political process. In the age when more and more of the political processes take place online, it is crucial to comprehend how religious learning and digital skills converse to create youth interest in the democratic processes. The research information was derived through self-administered structured questionnaire among 250 youngsters in urban centers of Pakistan as a result of which 198 workable responses were obtained. The mediation analysis conducted with the method of regression indicated that Islamic education has a considerable positive effect on youth political participation, and one of the mediators of this association is digital literacy. The results show that the youths who have developed greater COMPETENCE with regard to the process of Islamic education are more politically convened once empowered with digital know-how they would consider participating in online civil discourses and to gain exposure to a varied range of views. Indeed, the study convinces the educational policymakers, specifically those who handle the educational institutions that are under the banner of Islam to inculcate the aspects of digital literacy development in educational programs so as to raise informed and engaged citizens. Contribution to larger debate Modernization is a process that implies the increase of active and active citizens in urban settings across the world, and more specifically the involvement of religion and technology in everyday life is a topic that can be discussed, and this work helps to do so.

Siri marriage, as a legally valid marriage practice but not recorded in the state administration, raises legal and social problems, especially for the protection of women and children. This study aims to analyze the perception and practice of siri marriage among religious leaders understand their role in shaping social legitimacy towards this practice. Using a qualitative approach with a legal-social framework, data were collected through in-depth interviews and participatory observation of five religious leaders in Bogor Regency. The study results show that religious leaders hold cultural and spiritual authority in facilitating siri marriage, with the primary motivation being economic reasons, social pressure, and the meaning of Islamic law. Although some figures have begun to realize the importance of legal records, there is still tension between religious norms and state regulations. This study recommends increasing legal literacy and collaborative dialogue between the government and religious leaders as a strategy for legal harmonization. The implications of this study are essential for developing a family policy that is fair, inclusive, and harmonized between religious law and state law.

In practice, Islamic preaching in this era is more often displayed and preached only on the narrow aspects of spirituality and morality. Meanwhile, aspects of culture, social, economy, let alone politics are rarely mentioned. The involvement of preachers in politics is still considered taboo. In such conditions, Zainudin MZ emerged to break the taboo. With a brave attitude, the kyai not only preached politically verbally but also directly entered into the practice of democratic politics that was full of deceit. By using a qualitative descriptive method that uses research data in the form of books, journals, and videos related to Zainudin MZ's political thoughts and movements, several findings were produced: first, the relationship between preaching and politics for Zainudin MZ is an integralistic relationship that is reflected in his preaching material on the ethics of political preaching and criticisms of government policies. Second, Zainudin MZ's political activities are based on a strong spirit of Islamism. It was proven when mass organizations and political parties were prohibited from using Islamic principles with the implementation of the sole principle of Pancasila, Zainudin immediately left the world of practical politics and focused on preaching. For him, there was no point in being in a party if the principle was not Islamic. When the sole principle was revoked, he returned to being active in politics and even became the general chairman of the Islamic party. Third, Zainudin's involvement in practical politics found a new phenomenon that preaching politics is difficult to realize in the realm of democratic politics. Therefore, after feeling that his preaching idealism could not be implemented practically, Zainudin MZ chose to withdraw from politics and called his involvement in past politics the era of ignorance. Fourth, the substance of Zainudin MZ's preaching is very relevant for urban society, especially in maintaining Muslim identity and in facing various social, cultural and political challenges.

This study aims to analyze the influence of information technology on religious practices in urban Muslim communities. With technological advances such as the internet, religious applications, and social media, access to information and the implementation of worship have become easier and more efficient. This study uses descriptive qualitative methods to delve deeply into how technology affects the way urban Muslims carry out their daily worship. Data is collected from various secondary sources such as articles, books, and related journals. The results of the study show that information technology makes it easier for Muslims to carry out worship and deepen religious knowledge flexibly, but it also poses challenges such as individualization of worship and fragmentation of religious understanding. Therefore, a balance between the use of technology and involvement in religious activities is collectively needed to maintain spiritual and social values in the religious practices of urban Muslim communities.