This study evaluated the effects of germinated pigeon pea addition on chemical and sensory proper-ties of maize-pigeon pea pudding. The maize grains were cleaned, dried, milled, and sieved to produce maize flour while the pigeon peas were sorted, soaked, germinated, dried, milled, and sieved to produce germinated pigeon pea flour. Maize and pigeon pea flours were prepared and combined in varying ratios (90.00:10.00, 87.50:12.50, 85.00:15.00, 90.00:10.00, 87.50:12.50, 85.00:15.00, 86.25:13.75, 88.75:11.25 and 85.00:15.00) using D-Optimal mixture design. The flour blends were investigated for their physico-chemical properties, proximate composition, minerals and anti-nutritional composition while the pudding was assessed for sensory acceptability. The water absorption capacity and titratable acidity ranged from 161.09 - 182.70% and 0.15-0.87% respectively. The range of values for moisture content, crude fat, total ash, crude fibre, crude protein and total carbohydrates were 8.48-10.34%, 9.47-11.55%, 1.07-2.17%, 1.20-2.42%, 11.96-15.56% and 61.69-67.21% respectively. Low amounts of tannin, saponin, oxalate, phytate and trypsin inhibitor were present in maize-pigeon pea flour blends. The values for potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron and zinc ranged from 61.74-71.19mg/100g, 4.92-6.56mg/100g, 11.02-12.99mg/100g, 6.82-8.93mg/100g and 2.02-4.16mg/100g respectively. Colour properties (Lightness, redness and yellowness) varied significantly. However, sensory scores showed that pudding prepared from blend of 90.00% maize and 10.00% germinated pigeon pea was most accepted by the panellists.

Nowadays, water is regarded as a rare resource that must be protected. However, the increase in industrial activities is generating increasing pressure on the planet's freshwater reserves. These activities generate a wide variety of chemicals that flow into the water cycle, endangering the fragile natural equilibrium that has allowed life to develop on earth. Often, chemicals in wastewater are difficult to biodegrade and the lack or insufficiency of treatment systems leads to their accumulation in the water. As part of this work, the adsorption properties of Erionyl Red dye on acidified calcic clay were studied using experimental methods. After activation with sulphuric acid, X-ray diffraction analysis was carried out indicating an increase in the basal distance, X-ray fluorescence analysis showed the chemical composition of the clay in the form of oxides. The results showed that the material produced had very significant adsorption properties, with the Freundlich model describing the isotherm well and the pseudo-second-order model giving a better account of the adsorption kinetics, the thermodynamic study shows that adsorption is spontaneous, favorable and endothermic. From the results obtained, we can conclude that clay chemically activated by sulfuric acid can be used successfully for the treatment of textile effluents.

Current research directions in the development of next-generation environmentally sustainable processes for the chemical conversion of lignocellulosic biomass focus on the application of efficient and cost-effective catalysts that enhance the chemical transformation of lignin and polysaccharide components. A comparative evaluation of the concentrations of reducing sugars and total solids in wheat straw hydrolysates obtained through hydrolysis with diluted hydrochloric and phosphoric acids were conducted. The performance of novel heat and mass transfer equipment, including a rotary-pulsation apparatus, was assessed with the aim of intensifying the hydrolysis of wheat straw polysaccharides. It was determined that the integration of advanced heat and mass transfer systems, particularly the rotary-pulsation apparatus as the core technological unit, results in an increase in the concentration of reducing sugars and total solids in the hydrolysates by approximately 20-25% and 10-15%, respectively, compared to conventional processing technologies.

The utilization of nutrient-dense, underutilized, gluten-free cereals and legumes could offer significant potential for innovation in the snack production industry. This study aimed to develop extruded multigrain (broken brown rice flour, maize flour, soybean flour, Bambara-nut flour, and date powder) snack bars and evaluate the mixing ratios and extrusion conditions, including screw speed (240 rpm and 480 rpm) and die temperature (130 ?C and 150?C), on the nutritional contents (proximate, vitamin B1, B2 and B3) and functional (water absorption index and water solubility index). Regression modelling was used to analyse and optimize these parameters. The moisture content of the snack bars ranged from 5.57 to 12.59%, fat (6.42 to 14.73%), ash (2.09 to 4.68%), fibre (2.06 to 4.07%), protein (15.36 to 27.10%), and carbohydrate (36.53 to 61.43%). Vitamin content included B1 (0.92 to 1.85 mg/100g), B2 (0.40 - 0.72 mg/100g), B3 (0.18 - 0.48mg/100g). The bulk density ranged from 0.51 to 0.76 g/cm3, water absorption index (2.09 to 7.11), and the water solubility index (5.14 to 16.18). The optimized formulation consisted of 33.81% rice flour, 17.26% maize flour, 10% soybean flour, 20.81% Bambara-nut flour, and 18.08% date powder, processed at 150 ?C and 240 rpm. This blend yielded a product with moisture content (9.16%), protein (19.53%), fibre (3.40%), ash (5.39%), and enhanced vitamin levels (B1: 1.70 mg/100g, B2: 0.76 mg/100g, B3: 0.41 mg/100g). Conclusively, this study demonstrates the potential of these multigrain snack to bars provide high-quality and functional snack options from underutilized resources.

This study investigates a natural remedy for anxiety and depression using Origanum majorana L. plant extract and Bacillus pumilus probiotic bacteria in a preclinical rat model. The ingredients were sourced from the El-Oued region. A hydroethanolic extract was prepared from the aerial parts of O. majorana, yielding 24.05%. Phytochemical analysis revealed high levels of polyphenols (98.97 ? 0.007 mg GAE/gE) and flavonoids (55.61 ? 0.004 mg QE/gE). Antioxidant activity was assessed using the FRAP and DPPH assays, demonstrating significant activity with IC50 DPPH and EC50 FRAP values of 4.256 ? 1.416 ?g/mL and 1.234 ? 0.389 mg/g, respectively. This antioxidant potential strongly correlated with the polyphenol and flavonoid content. Behavioral tests, including the forced swimming test and the elevated plus maze test, showed improved stress and anxiety responses in mice treated with both O. majorana extract and probiotics. Additionally, cortisol level measurements indicated reduced stress in the treated groups. These preclinical findings suggest that this natural preparation may serve as a promising future treatment for anxiety and depression.

The current study targeted the methanolic extract of Baccaurea motleyana to investigate the phytochemical, Antioxidant, Cytotoxic and Antimicrobial effects. The phytochemical analysis revealed promising amounts of total phenols, flavonoids, and proanthocyanidins, measured at 134.28 ? 5.59 mg Gallic acid/g, 176.92 ? 4.12 mg Catechin/g, and 145.25 ? 4.44 mg Catechin/g, respectively. For determination of antioxidant effect using TAC and FRAP assays method, methanolic extract of Baccaurea motleyana leaf represented gradually increased reducing capacity in a dose-dependent manner, as well as notable free radical scavenging activity in the DPPH and ABTS assays. The cytotoxicity assay demonstrated significant activity with LC50 found 628.56 ?g/ml. The extract also exhibited antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, and Shigella boydii, with inhibition zone of 12.9 ? 0.20 mm and 3.8 ? 0.29 mm at a concentration of 40?g, respectively. These findings suggest that methanolic extracts have significant amounts of phytochemical and antioxidant effects that help to fight against the free radical which could be used as a therapy for multifactorial illnesses. The result of the present study is on antimicrobial effects that could be potentially useful for the development of therapeutic agents against bacterial infections. However, the cytotoxic assay requires further investigation to determine the appropriate medicinal dose and to better understand the specific mechanisms of action.

These shock absorbers have two separate phases that are separated by a plunger. The liquid phase is oil, and the gas phase is nitrogen. One of the most challenging steps in making these shock absorbers is injecting nitrogen gas. This research project aims to present the method of manufacturing and producing the gas spring aid more straightforwardly, which reduces the production time. In this method, the need for special welding devices is eliminated by eliminating the nitrogen gas injection hole welding method. In addition to the mentioned case, one of the advantages of this method is to eliminate the inner wrinkle of the shell with the help of spring and thermal stresses due to the welding process of the hole in the shell. This research used a pressure injection device to inject nitrogen gas into the shock absorber. This device first makes contact on the lower edge of the injection device with the shock absorber shell, and after making contact, nitrogen gas is injected into the shell through the hole on it. Then, the said hole was blocked with a ball held at the tip of the mandrel of the injection device by magnetic force. Considering that the ball's placement inside the hole of the shock absorber shell must be a press fit, so for the steel ball whose diameter was 4 mm, the diameter of the hole was considered 3 mm. A shell with a plunger and a piston handle was injected with nitrogen gas at a pressure of 2 MPa. With the help of a hydraulic press, its volume was reduced to a fifth, and the pressure of nitrogen gas became 10 MPa. In this case, the jack was subjected to this pressure for three hours, and no pressure drop was observed.

Wastewater is commonly characterized as ?sullage? and ?blackwater?, Reuse of sullage is possible only after proper treatment. Amongst available sullage treatment methods, Phytorid method which works on the principle of natural wetlands prove to be cost-effective and simple in monitoring. In this study, the treatment of college canteen kitchen sullage is done using Phytorid technology, a pilot scale reactor setup with plants like Canna Indica, Moses in the cradle, Spider plant, Golden Duranta and Beach spider lily are planted in separate containers filled with layers of gravel (bottom), sand (middle) and garden soil (top). The sullage was passed through five containers containing plants and the control. The raw sullage and the effluent were analysed for pH, electrical conductivity, TDS, Chlorides, Phosphates, Sulphates, BOD and COD for 7, 14 and 21-days intervals. The characterization of the sullage sample from the college canteen kitchen had pH ranging from (6.98 to 7.80), electrical conductivity (1560 to 1600 ?S/cm), TDS (1150 to 1210 mg/L), Chlorides (345.43 to 387.50 mg/L), Phosphates (12.43 to 13.63mg/L), Sulphates (136.25 to 142.1 mg/L), BOD (398 to 416 mg/L) and COD (489 to 535mg/L). The results showed that Beach spider lily showed higher reduction efficiency for Electrical conductivity (15.94%), Chlorides (87.68%) and Phosphates (79.43%). Spider plant showed higher reduction efficiency for Sulphates (38.69%), TDS (30.17%) and COD (75.05%) whereas, Golden Duranta was efficient in reducing BOD (88.94%). All the plants were efficient in neutralizing the pH. From the study, it can be concluded that a phytorid system consisting of Beach Spider lily, Spider plant and Golden Duranta will be efficient in reducing the physio-chemical para-meters of sullage. Reusing treated sullage for flushing and gardening will promote water recycling and conservation.

The aim of our study is to document the traditional use of Pinus halepensis in the region of Setif, Algeria and to evaluate its gastroprotective properties in vivo. An ethnopharmacological survey was conducted using a structured questionnaire to gather information about traditional plant usage. The hydroalcoholic extract of the plant?s bark part was analyzed for its content of total phenolics, flavonoids, and tannins. The acute toxicity was tested in vivo using albino mice at 2000 and 5000 mg/kg doses. The anti-inflammatory and gastroprotective activities were evaluated using the croton oil-induced ear edema model and the ethanol-induced gastric ulcer model, respectively, with doses of 200mg/kg and 600mg/kg. The ethnopharmacological survey showed that 30.69% of the population in the study area utilized this plant as a traditional remedy to treat ulcers (87.5%), respiratory problems (72.5%), dermatological diseases (10%) and sexual capacity (5%). The phytochemical evaluation showed values of phenolic content (631.2 ? 1.12 ?g GAE/mg), flavonoid content (68.85 ? 1.63 ?g QE/mg) and tannins content (406.3 ? 2.70 ?g CAT E/mg). The extract showed no toxicity with a single dose up to 5000 mg/kg. The extract reduced ear edema up to 78.07% ? 2.04% at in a dose dependent manner; and managed to decrease the ulceration dose dependently with percentages up to 89.4 ? 1.38. P. halepensis demonstrated a significant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and gastroprotective properties, validating its traditional use in Algerian folk medicine.

Interactions between proteins and polysaccharides can form novel complex structures with unique functionalities, making protein-polysaccharide coacervates highly promising for applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries. The aim of this study was to prepare coacervates using apple pectin as the polyanion and chickpea proteins as the polycation, and to evaluate their efficiency in encapsulating anthocyanins from aronia juice, along with their potential for controlled and targeted delivery. Proteins were extracted from chickpea by different protocols - by conventional alkaline extraction or by alkaline extraction assisted with ?-L-arabinofurosidase. The zeta potential was measured at range of pH values from 1 to 6, and mixing ratio pectin:protein was varied from 1:1 to 1:3. Additionally, the amount of anthocyanins bound by individual protein-pectin complex was determined. Results showed that applied conditions - mixing ratio 1:1, pH 2.6 and 2.8 for alkaline and enzyme-assisted alkaline protein isolate, respectively, led to the formation of stable coacervates with the ability to bind anthocyanins from aronia juice. The coacervates prepared with proteins extracted by alkaline extraction and arabinofuranosidase-assisted alkaline extraction bound 55% and 49% of anthocyanins, respectively. The results demonstrated considerable potential of the investigated pectin- protein coacervates for effective encapsulation of anthocyanins and their controled and site-specific delivery.