non-contact mechanism (Biały et al., 2022; Vauhnik et al., 2011) and they are more frequent among pivoting sports athletes between 15 and 40 years of age (van Melick et al., 2016) . Furthermore, females damage their ACL 2 to 8 times more frequently (Bram et al., 2021; van Melick et al., 2016) , which is perhaps due to a different physiological structure of the body and differences in neuromuscular control between genders during adolescence (Myer et al., 2013; Yoo et al., 2010) . The number of ACL reconstruction (ACLR) operations is steadily increasing; the purpose of ACLR is to restore the ligament structure, which is associated with improving the passive stability of the knee joint and increasing its functional capabilities (Filbay & Grindem, 2019; Webster & Hewett, 2019) . Patients treated surgically require the implementation of rehabilitation protocols for their return to the pre-injury level of sports performance, which has been an indicator of treatment success. Therefore, the rate of recurrent ACL injury is the most common parameter analyzed in the context of assessing the effectiveness of a surgical procedure and a physiotherapy process. The incidence of re-rupture is still

The high presence of adolescent schoolchildren with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is increasingly evident in physical education (PE) classes. Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of a 12-week curriculum-based PE program on perceived motor competence, and out-of-school healthy behaviors in a group of 13 adolescent schoolchildren with ADHD (9 boys and 4 girls, 15 years old), compared to a group of 13 typically developing schoolchildren of the same age (9 boys and 4 girls, 15 years old). Methods: The Spanish version of eight items to assess perceived motor competence from the Achievement Motivation for Learning in Physical Education Test, and the Spanish version of the Health Behavior in Schoolchildren Inventory were applied. The 12-week curriculum-based PE lessons, consisted of different curricular contents based on Decree 48/2015 from the Community of Madrid (Spain) such as fitness, athletics, basketball, foot orienteering, badminton, and gymnastics. All the instruments were applied before and after the 12-week PE lessons, to both groups of adolescent schoolchildren. Results: The results showed that the adolescent schoolchildren with ADHD, before and after the PE program, obtained significantly lower values than their typically developing peers, in perceived motor competence, and out-of-school healthy behaviors. However, after 12 weeks of PE lessons, there was only a significant increase in perceived motor competence among typically developing children, and there was no significant difference in both groups, for out-of-school healthy behaviors. Conclusions: At the end of this study, it can be concluded that the effect of curriculum-based PE program was not significant in children with ADHD on their perceived motor competence and out-of-school healthy behavior either.

Background: Selective attention and visuospatial orienting attention are important cognitive functions for children's development. Testing based on touch-based mobile technology platforms is becoming increasingly widespread in psychological assessment. Objective: The aim of the study was to investigate the reliability and validity of the newly developed touchscreen tablet-based test of selective and orienting attention (t-SOA test) in typical developing children aged 7-10 years. Methods: Two age groups of children, the group 7-8 (7-8 years, 9 girls, 10 boys) and the group 9-10 (9-10 years, 9 girls, 9 boys), performed the t-SOA test on a tablet (Android operating system) and a stylus, as well as the Reaction test of selective attention of the Vienna Test System (RT4-VTS). The criterion validity of the t-SOA test was verified by the RT4-VTS, and the construct validity via an analysis of the effect of age on the results of the t-SOA test. The reliability of the t-SOA test was assessed through internal consistency. Results: The internal consistency of the response time (RT) to the target stimulus was demonstrated to be excellent, Cronbach's α = .944. The mixed linear model with two factors -the central and the spatial (peripheral) cues, showed no significant effect on mean RT. Mean RT, median RT, and the coefficient of variation for RTs (CVRT) in the t-SOA test correlated significantly with analogous test scores of the RT4-VTS test, but not in the case of the number of correct responses, omissions, and commissions. A statistically significant effect of the age group was found for mean RT, median RTs, CVRT, and omission of the t-SOA test. Conclusions: The study demonstrated that the newly constructed t-SOA test may be a valid and reliable tool for assessing the level of visual selective attention of children during middle childhood. The study supported the current suggestion that the assessment of cognitive functions with a touchscreen tablet and a digital stylus is feasible and accepted by school-age children.

Background: Lower limb injuries are widely recognized as the most prevalent injuries among female soccer players. Joint position sense plays a vital role in muscle reflexes, joint stability dynamics, and movement planning for neuromuscular control. Decreased accuracy in joint position sense can be considered an internal injury risk factor. Objective: The current study aims to investigate the immediate effect of a short-term balance protocol with a wobble board on knee and ankle joint position sense. Methods: Forty female participants were recruited and then randomly allocated into two groups: balance training (BTR; n = 20, age 23.50 ± 1.50 years) and control (CON; n = 20, age 23.10 ± 1.77 years). Knee and ankle joint reconstruction errors were measured using a gyroscope at 60° of knee flexion and 30° of ankle plantarflexion. Following this, the BTR group participated in a short-term balance protocol (one session). Immediately following training and then one hour later, the reconstruction error was measured in both groups. Results: A mixed-repeated measures analysis of variance demonstrated that for the BTR group, the absolute angular error (AAE) before and after intervention decreased by 2.14° and 2.95° in the knee (p = .001) and ankle (p = .001) joints, respectively. In addition, an hour after intervention, the AAE remained below the initial value in the two joints (p = .001). Specifically, in the CON group, the AAE in the knee joint did not show a significant decrease, and similarly, no significant change was observed in the AAE in the ankle joint, and also an hour after the intervention. Conclusions: A wobble board training session may stimulate the sensory receptors of the knee and ankle joints of female amateur soccer players and increased joint position sense accuracy and is present one hour post intervention.

Background: There is a paucity of literature on the effects of fitness programs such as CrossFit (CF), Les Mills (LM), and traditional resistance training (TRAD) on sensorimotor responses, which define overall motor skills levels that are major factors in improving quality of life of fitness training practitioners. Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess and compare the sensorimotor responses after 16 weeks of CF, LM and TRAD trainings. Methods: A total of one hundred and seven sedentary participants (81 men, 26 women, age 30.5 ± 5.7 years, weight 78.9 ± 11.1 kg, height 174.9 cm, fat mass 25.4 ± 5.3%) were assigned randomly into 3 groups CF (n = 34), LM (n = 33) and TRAD (n = 40), they followed the training allocated at the rate of 5 sessions/week for 16 weeks. On three occasions: before (T0), after eight (T1) and sixteen weeks (T2) of training, participants underwent different tests of sensorimotor measures;

Background: Although small-sided games (SSG) have been a popular method recently, the number of studies on female athletes is limited. Objective: This study investigated the effects of basketball-specific 2vs2, 3vs3 and 4vs4 SSG on psychological and technical responses. Methods: Eighteen young female basketball players with an age of 15.6 ± 0.7 years, a height of 175.0 ± 4.9 cm, a basketball experience of 5.6 ± 0.7 years, and a body mass index of 20.8 ± 1.1 kg/m 2 participated in the study. Anthropometric measurements and Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test 1 were conducted. Rating of perceived exertion (RPE), enjoyment of physical activity (PACES-S), mental fatigue and emotion responses of the players were assessed after each bout in basketball-specific 2vs2, 3vs3 and 4vs4 SSG. Results: Significant differences in RPE, PACES-S and emotional responses were found for 2vs2, 3vs3 and 4vs4 games (p < .05). In addition to these results, 2vs2 and 3vs3 formats revealed significant differences in rebounding, successful shots, unsuccessful shots and successful passes in the technical responses (p < .05). Conclusions: The findings show that changing game forms can improve player experiences and encourage higher levels of physical activity, enjoyment, emotional responses, and technical ability. Further research could explore additional variables, such as tactical decision-making, cognitive load, and long-term effects of using different game forms.

Background: Motor skill programs are effective in the development of children's fundamental motor skills (FMS). However, the key point that should be kept in mind here is the degree of the stability of the training effects on children's motor skills. Objective: The purpose of the present study is to observe the permanence of the effects of motor skills training on children's FMS aged 4-6 years for one year. Methods: The study was carried out among 39 preschool children, 17 girls (age 5.31 ± 0.23 years) and 22 boys (5.23 ± 0.20 years) without any previously-identified health problems. The participants were randomly chosen and divided into an experimental group trained motor skills with physical education specialists (n = 19) and a control group that performed ordinary preschool physical activities (n = 20). The Test of Gross Motor Development 2 nd ed. was also used to measure children's FMS in the pre-test, the posttest, and the follow-up after 12 months. The training course was done 2 days a week. Each session lasted 45 minutes, too. In addition, mixed model repeated measure multiple analysis of covariance was used to examine the impact of the training. Results: Although the motor skills training helped improve the locomotor and object control skills among the children from pre-test to post-test (p < .001), a significant difference was not observed in the control group. Moreover, the development of boy subjects and girl participants was significantly different in the object control (p = .037). Finally, a significant difference was not observed between the post-test and follow-up in the object control and the locomotor skills of the experimental group. Conclusions: It seems that the FMS training under physical education specialists should be continuously done for 4-6 years old subjects, with more emphasis on developing girls' object control skills.

Background: Numerous studies have demonstrated the positive impact of scaled equipment on the playing performance of young tennis players. Nonetheless, there is a need for further research to explore the impact of scaled equipment on the skill development of beginner adult tennis players. Objective: This study aimed to assess the effects of ball compression and scale court sizes on the learning of tennis skills of beginner adult tennis players. Methods: Twenty-four beginner players (age 20.9 ± 1.2 years) were randomly divided into a regular ball group (RB, n = 12) and a low-compression ball group (LCB, n = 12) on-court training twice per week for six weeks. The RB played with standard yellow tennis balls, while the LCB used low-compression balls (red, orange, and green) during the intervention. Pre and post-tests included the Tennis-Specific Skills Test (TSST) and the International Tennis Number test (ITN). Results: The results demonstrated that the LCB showed higher technical characteristics after training (p < .05, η p 2 between .18 and .36) except for the mobility assessment (p > .05, η p 2 = .02) and the TSST scores in terms of forehand, backhand, and rally length (p < .05, η p 2 = . 16-.19). Conclusions: This study indicates that the LCB might be more suitable equipment to improve technical skills and hitting performances. Practitioners can use the LCB to design an effective training plan, especially for young and adult beginner tennis players.

Background: In the field of sports, controlling an individual's emotions is an essential skill for effective performance. It is therefore crucial to understand the current situation of athletes and thus provide better training and emotional regulation resources. Objective: The research aims to determine the role of athletic mental energy in psychological resilience and to reveal its relations with each other and with some variables. Methods: The study group of the research consists of a total of 462 athlete-students (age 21.36 ± 1.49 years), 138 (29.9%) females and 324 (70.1%) males. The Brief Resilience Scale and the Athletic Mental Energy Scale (AMES) were used in the study. Descriptive statistics, t-test and multiple linear regression analysis were applied for data analysis. Results: In the research findings, the positive correlation between psychological resilience and all sub-dimensions of the AMES was statistically significant. In the regression model, the significant effect of athletic mental energy on the prediction of psychological resilience was determined (F(6, 455) = 12.06, p < .001, R 2 = .14). It was observed that the males' mean scores in the AMES (calmness) sub-dimension and psychological resilience were higher than those of females while females' mean scores in the AMES (motivation) sub-dimension were higher than those of males. Conclusions: In general, we suggest that athletic mental energy contributes significantly to psychological resilience. In addition, it can be said that the predictability of concentration and calmness on psychological resilience is higher than the other sub-dimensions of athletic mental energy.

Background: This study focuses on sports fandom, consumption and socialization in the role of a sports fan. Objective: The study aimed to analyze the international differences between Polish sports fans and those in the United Kingdom, United States, Australia, Greece, Norway, and Qatar, based on a comparison of the results of studies using the same research methodology. Methods: The research utilized the Sports Fandom Questionnaire (SFQ) and the Sports Spectator Identification Scale (SSIS) concerning fan-related behaviors and socialization in the role of a sports fan. A total of 286 Polish students were surveyed (53% male and 47% female, mean age of 21.3 years). Results: Investigated students strongly identified with the role of being sports fans. Males demonstrated a significantly higher level of sports fandom than females. Male socialization agents for sports fandom and consumption, particularly fathers, were important for both genders. Both genders were less likely to watch women's sports and mainly followed men's sports. Polish women ranked second on the SFQ (27.69) and the SSIS (37.15) among the compared national surveys and their average SFQ and SSIS scores indicate strong identification with the role of being a sports fan. Polish women, like British women, indicated school and parents as the most influential fan socialization agents, while data from other countries pointed rather to the role of community and friends. Conclusions: As in all other national samples, indirect sports consumption precedes direct consumption, and watching sports on television is the most common form of sports consumption in the media. Moreover, male dominance in sports fandom patterns and the role of a sports fan was evident in both males' and females' responses. That is why the male socialization agents may impact the creation of the identity role the most.