The transition from the conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) to electric vehicles (EV) are expected to result in higher total electricity demand in the country. With the introduction of more EVs into the market, the need for charging stations will grow, subsequently increasing power consumption. This research study aims to assess the potential of solar energy production at petrol stations in central region of Peninsular Malaysia and assess the feasibility of solar-powered petrol stations in meeting the energy demands of electric vehicles. 10 samples of existing petrol stations are selected to install a solar-powered DC charging station as a case study. To study their energy consumption, 90kW DC charger was evaluated. The design of the PV systems for the petrol stations was done by using the PVsyst simulation software. As a result, it is found that 90% of the designed PV systems are able to generate enough energy to meet the estimated annual energy consumption of the 90kW DC charging system. The results also showed that the cost to install the solar-powered charging system for both power ratings can be recouped in less than 2 years. Overall, this research study offers valuable insights for addressing the rising energy consumption resulting from the increased penetration of electric vehicles in the future. Additionally, the implementation of solar-powered charging infrastructure aligns with the country’s renewable energy objectives and efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. However, the assessment of EV penetration and the adoption of charging infrastructure was conducted based on government targets rather than relying on current data regarding the actual numbers and trends of EVs and chargers in Malaysia. The availability of accurate and up-to-date data on the number of EVs, their battery characteristics, chargers, and user charging behaviors in Malaysia would contribute to further enhancing this research work.

The advancement in lightweight cementitious composite strength enhancement has promoting the usage of lightweight material across modern construction industry. Likewise, Lightweight foamed concrete (LFC) was introduced as an alternative material in the construction industry due to its properties including good thermal and sound insulation, lighter in weight and cost-effectiveness. In corresponded to LFC strength issue which often found to be diminished due to its lower density and porous structures. Studies have shown that the incorporation of steel fiber into concrete can recover the diminished strength of lightweight foamed concrete. Hence, this research focusses on the strength properties of LFC incorporate with 30 kg/m3 of steel fiber. Three types of LFC were prepared in this study including a trial mix of LFC (LFC-TM), a control mix of LFC (LFC-CTR), and LFC with 30 kg/m3 steel fiber (LFC-30SF). The LFC-CTR and LFC-30SF were casted based on the obtained optimum water-to-cement ratio from the plotted performance index graph, which was 0.56 for both mixes. The fresh properties of LFC-CTR and LFC-30SF were determined based on the result obtained from fresh density, flow table and inverted slump tests. Besides, the strength properties studied for LFC-CTR and LFC-30SF were compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength at 7, 28 and 56 days after curing. From the test results obtained, the compressive, splitting tensile and flexural strength of LFC was found to be improved by adding the steel fiber into the mix. As for the fresh properties of LFC, the stability was found to decreased after the steel fiber was added into the mix, while the flowability and consistency was observed with an improvement subject to fibre addition. In short, incorporating steel fiber can improve the strength properties of LFC, which driving their usability and encouraging wider adoption across modern industries.

Limestone emerges as a fundamental component within sedimentary rock formations, which provides important information about previous geological eras and environmental circumstances. It retains fossils and remnants of extinct living forms because it mostly contains calcium carbonate. These deposits are used as traces of freshwater, marine, and terrestrial habitats from the past. Furthermore, variations in the creation of limestone provide hints about past geological events like tectonic activity and sea level shifts. Scientists can reconstruct previous ecosystems, temperatures, and evolutionary patterns by analyzing limestone, which helps us better comprehend Earth's environmental dynamics and history over millions of years. Its versatility extends beyond its geological significance, and its primary uses are in the manufacturing of steel and cement, as well as in the purification of wastewater and the processes involved in the production of bread and sugar. Limestone is also essential for supporting the carbon cycle and improving soil health in agricultural settings. In the review paper, we endeavored to conduct additional research to comprehend the intricacies of geology and the industrial application of limestone, as well as the need for interdisciplinary collaboration, sustainable practices, and cutting-edge technologies to leverage mineral resources for industrial growth. To be effective, it is essential. This study concludes with a strong call to action, imploring stakeholders to emphasize sustainable practices and encourage interdisciplinary collaboration while using limestone. By adhering to these guidelines, we can maximize the benefits of this priceless natural resource for both industrial use and environmental sustainability while also protecting it for future generations.

The existing manuals used to estimate urban road capacity have limitations. Adapting these manuals to compute the road capacity at urban roads reduces estimation accuracy. This study attempts to develop a capacity model to characterize urban road capacity. Twenty-two sites consisting of the collector/distributor roads and local roads in the Cheras-Kajang area in Klang Valley are selected for traffic data collection during the morning peak hour from 8 a.m. to 9 a.m. Site video camera recording is carried out, and the traffic data is extracted from the video footage. The speed-density and flow-density curves of the macroscopic fundamental diagram are fitted with the traffic data extracted. The capacity value is then derived from these curves. The urban road capacity model, termed the UrbanCap model, is developed in this study using the multiple linear regression approach. The results show that the urban road capacity depends on the type of road and carriageway and speed limit. The comparison of the capacity values produced from the UrbanCap model with other manuals justifies that it has a better estimate than the existing manuals used in Malaysia. The results also signify a need to develop a manual/guideline to quantify the urban road capacity in Malaysia for road design and analysis.

A green building is a sustainable design incorporating environmentally friendly practices in its construction and management. The objective of green building development is to reduce the negative impact of buildings on the environment by mitigating carbon dioxide emissions. Several countries worldwide, including Malaysia have established rating tools under the World Green Building Council to measure sustainability for various types of development. The goal is to encourage all nations to promote green building and replace conventional methods that harm the environment. In Malaysia, two of the most commonly used assessment tools for green building are GBI and GreenRE. The Malaysian government has implemented various policies to manage the construction process of green buildings, such as the National Green Technology Policy, Green Performance Assessment System, and the establishment of Green Technology Master Plan for managing green operations. However, green building projects in Malaysia are still in the formative stage, indicating that the construction industry in Malaysia is still in its infancy with regard to sustainable development. This study aims to investigate the perceived benefits of implementing Green Building Rating Tools in Malaysia. Specific factors that enable company readiness to adopt rating tools include benefits to occupants, facility management, and environmental sustainability. The research methodology used in this study was quantitative, employing a questionnaire survey with 140 respondents. The findings indicate that Facility Management and Environmental Sustainability are significantly related to Company's Readiness to adopt Green Building Rating. It is crucial for policymakers to provide incentives to project teams (developers, consultants, and contractors) to increase awareness about green construction and its implementation.

The limestone formations within Batu Cave, situated in the Selangor region represent a significant geological phenomenon in Malaysia, capturing the attention of engineers due to their distinctive karst features. The assessment entails a comprehensive review of geological characteristics, currently employed categorization frameworks, assessment approaches, and the possible ramifications for the construction industry, infrastructure advancement, and the natural surroundings. This study aims to enhance the collective comprehension of limestone weathering and its impact on risk assessment due to weathered processes. The insights gained from the distinctive circumstances surrounding Batu Cave possess the capacity to guide optimal approaches and tactics for addressing the consequences of limestone weathering. The Batu Caves attract a substantial number of tourists annually. Consequently, it is subject to significant levels of human activity and encounters high traffic volumes. Moreover, Batu Cave encompasses an assemblage of Hindu temples and shrines, so setting it apart from numerous other limestone formations due to its cultural and religious significance. The impact of urban environments on weathering processes differs significantly from that observed in limestone formations found in other geographical areas. based on the geological landscape of Batu cave effects reveal moderate stability in sections 1, 3, and 8, while sections 6 and 7 pose an elevated risk of limestone collapse, emphasizing the need for efficient risk mitigation measures for the cave's preservation. The parts that have been assessed as risk areas need risk reduction techniques such as taking nets and giving strong foundations and installing danger signs so that people who come to the area are safe. This analysis provides a deeper understanding of limestone weathering in Batu Cave, emphasizing the need for efficient risk mitigation techniques to address weathering issues. This could lead to the preservation of Batu Cave's geological significance and potentially global applications for limestone-rich places. The study contributes to engineering, construction, and environmental conservation by providing valuable resources for decision-making.

Slopes sometimes slide and cause damage and disruptions for the public. Landslides can be triggered by a combination of natural factors such as intense and prolong rainfall, soil properties and steep gradient slope. Human activities such as deforestation, improper construction practices and inadequate drainage systems can also contribute to landslide occurrences. Landslide mitigation is crucial to reduce the loss of lives, protect infrastructures, and ensure public safety. Given that landslides occur more frequently during intense and prolong rainfall, it's important to have effective strategies in place to minimize their impacts. This paper aims to provide insights into the causes of landslides, their impacts, and effective strategies for mitigation. Examples of successful landslide mitigation and management initiatives are included. The comprehensive approach, which involves education, research, planning, and collaboration, has the potential to significantly mitigate landslides. The way forward is to establish a centralized slope agency to lead and assist local authorities is an important strategic move. This agency as an One Stop Centre (OSC) could provide expertise, guidance, and control for slope-related projects, ensuring that proper standards are met. The Centre also provides risk assessment of existing slopes, mitigation measures and carries out research and development on improving slope engineering. Collaboration between government agencies, academic institutions, industry professionals, and local communities is key to the success of landslide mitigation efforts.

Coastal hazards refer to various natural processes and events occurring at coastlines and are driven by a combination of geological, meteorological, and oceanographic factors, posing risks to human activities, infrastructure, and the environment. Efforts to mitigate the consequences of these hazards are essential to minimize the potential risks and ensure the sustainability of the nearshore communities. Such efforts are developing early warning systems, constructing protective structures, proper land-use planning, and sustainable coastal management practices. In the last decade, coastal hazards become more severe due to the climate change consequences which directly contribute to sea level rise, storm intensification, and flooding. Therefore, investigating the coastal hazards in a specific region is of utmost importance to understand the degree of hazard and prepare effective mitigation strategies. This study specifically delves into the examination of coastal hazards along the mainland of Kedah and the coastal areas of Langkawi Island. It involves a comprehensive analysis of historical incidents and the prognosis of future scenarios. The study focuses on three primary natural hazards: tsunamis, floods, and the rising sea levels. Particularly, it scrutinizes significant past occurrences, notably the devastating tsunami of 2004. Additionally, projections regarding sea level increments for 2030, 2050, and 2100 are presented and deliberated upon. The paper concludes by suggesting recommendations for appropriate coastal management practices and effective mitigation strategies.

Polypropylene, a widely used thermoplastic, has become a major contributor to environmental waste due to its extensive production and the gradual degradation of its fibres. To address this critical issue, a comprehensive study was undertaken to investigate the impact of polypropylene fibre reinforcement in mortar. The study involved a battery of tests designed to evaluate the effectiveness of this approach. Results indicated that the optimal percentage of polypropylene fibres for achieving maximum compressive strength after 7 and 28 days was found to be 0.4%. This percentage performed best within a specific water-to-cement ratio (w/c) range of 0.6 to 0.8. Additionally, the research revealed that the most effective combination for enhancing flexural strength was a water-to-cement ratio (w/c) in the range of 0.6 to 0.8, along with a 0.6% polypropylene fibre content. It's worth noting that this innovative technique not only promises to bolster the strength characteristics of mortar but also offers a sustainable solution by reducing the environmental burden associated with polypropylene waste. These findings have significant implications for achieving commercial and engineering goals while addressing the limitations of traditional mortar practices. In summary, the study offers a promising path toward enhanced construction materials and reduced environmental impact.

Flooding is a persisting challenge in Malaysia. Combating flood risk has become a main priority for sustainable development in this country. The application of sophisticated engineering in hard structure approaches and flood control systems are often incongruous to the public. Therefore, there is a need to integrate the soft engineering approaches and the best practises of flood management to mitigate flood risk. There is also a need to integrate the concept of sustainable development into its planning policies towards flood hazard reduction. Mobile flood protection measures are useful as an alternative solution in flood protection and mitigation purposes. Mobile protective systems can be used for temporarily increasing the height of permanent flood protection structures during extreme events and can be utilised as emergency measure against flooding in unprotected low-lying areas. As the available mobile systems differ in the type of material, method of installation and available protection height, a description of their features, and potential application were examined including their respective opportunities and drawbacks. This article presents a review on different types of lightweight mobile flood wall barrier (MFWB) that were implemented to cope with floods in Malaysia with examples of application in other countries such as United Kingdom, Slovakia, and Netherlands. The MFWB products are reviewed and compared to each other according to the types, characteristics, mechanisms, drawbacks and how these measures are integrated into spatial planning. Based on the findings, several suggestions are given on how to improve the flood risk management in flood-prone areas and way forward for Malaysia.