General Background: Sprinkler irrigation is widely used in agriculture to distribute water across cultivated land. Specific Background: Uniform irrigation depth is essential to avoid areas of excessive or insufficient watering that may reduce crop productivity and waste water resources. Knowledge Gap: Analytical approaches for evaluating spatial water distribution generated by stationary sprinkler systems remain limited. Aims: This study develops a mathematical model to represent the irrigation process produced by stationary sprinkler devices and to analyze droplet distribution over an irrigated field. Results: The model describes droplet dispersion using probability density functions where angular flow is assumed uniform and radial distance follows a normal distribution, incorporating nozzle characteristics and device geometry. Simulations generate spatial irrigation patterns and calculate indicators such as coefficient of variation and uniformity coefficient. Novelty: The study proposes a probability-based framework linking droplet trajectories with machine parameters for evaluating irrigation distribution. Implications: The model supports analysis of device spacing and operational settings to improve irrigation uniformity and agricultural water management. Highlights:• Probability Density Functions Represent Droplet Trajectories Produced by Rotating Heads.• Simulation Outputs Quantify Irrigation Depth Variability Across Cultivated Land.• Device Spacing and Operating Parameters Determine Field-Scale Uniformity Indicators. Keywords: Sprinkler Irrigation, Mathematical Modeling, Probability Density Function, Irrigation Uniformity, Agricultural Engineering.

General Background: Stamina is an important physiological indicator that determines the ability of organisms to sustain prolonged physical activity without excessive fatigue. Specific Background: Natural plant-based substances such as Areca catechu seeds are traditionally used as stimulants because they contain bioactive compounds including alkaloids, flavonoids, and tannins. Knowledge Gap: However, experimental evidence regarding the stamina-related physiological response to Areca catechu seed extract in controlled laboratory conditions remains limited. Aims: This study aimed to evaluate the ability of Areca catechu seed extract to increase stamina in male mice using a swimming endurance test. Results: The experiment involving five groups of mice showed that extract administration increased swimming endurance time, with the highest duration recorded at the 2 g/kg body weight dose. Novelty: The findings demonstrate a clear dose-dependent pattern of increased endurance following administration of Areca catechu seed extract. Implications: These results indicate the potential of Areca catechu extract as a natural candidate for stamina-related phytopharmaceutical development. Highlights: Higher extract dosage produced progressively longer activity duration in experimental animals. The 2 g/kg BW treatment generated the longest recorded performance time among all groups. Statistical testing confirmed measurable differences between treatment groups and untreated animals. Keywords: Areca Catechu, Areca Nut, Stamina, Mice, Swimming Endurance Test.

General Background: Literacy development in elementary education requires innovative instructional media that support students in developing language skills, particularly descriptive writing. Specific Background: In many elementary classrooms, descriptive writing instruction remains dominated by conventional teaching methods with limited use of engaging learning media, which results in low student motivation and difficulty in generating ideas and organizing descriptive texts. Knowledge Gap: Existing studies have utilized puzzle or magic box media separately, yet limited research integrates both approaches into a single manipulative learning medium designed to guide the stages of descriptive writing. Aims: This study aims to develop and examine the prototype, validity, practicality, and effectiveness of puzzle-based Magic Box media for improving descriptive writing skills of fifth-grade elementary school students at SD Inpres Bonto-Bonto, Indonesia. Results: Using a Research and Development approach with the Four-D model (Define, Design, Develop, Disseminate), the developed media achieved high validity scores from media experts (93% and 81%) and material experts (96% and 80%). Practicality results showed learning implementation of 97%, teacher responses of 100%, and student responses averaging 99%. Effectiveness results indicated improved descriptive writing performance with an average score of 87 in limited trials and 88.44 in extensive trials, with all students achieving learning completion. Novelty: The innovation lies in integrating layered puzzles and QR Codes within a single manipulative medium that guides students from observation and vocabulary selection to sentence and paragraph construction. Implications: The puzzle-based Magic Box provides an interactive, structured, and hybrid learning medium that supports descriptive writing development, student engagement, and integrated digital literacy in elementary education. Highlights• Integrates layered puzzle activities with QR-based digital resources in a single manipulative learning medium.• Demonstrates high feasibility with expert validation scores above eighty percent across design and material aspects.• Produces strong student performance outcomes with complete learning mastery in classroom trials. KeywordsPuzzle-Based Magic Box; Descriptive Writing Skills; Elementary School Students; Instructional Media Development; Four-D Model

General Background: Tourism development and diversification play an important role in supporting regional economic stability, employment creation, and cultural exchange within modern tourism systems. Specific Background: The Navoi region of Uzbekistan possesses significant tourism potential due to its historical monuments, natural landscapes, pilgrimage sites, and favorable transport and logistics infrastructure, which create opportunities for expanding tourism activities. Knowledge Gap: Despite this potential, the structural development and functional role of the Navoi Tourism Ring in supporting diversification of the regional tourism market have not been sufficiently examined in academic studies. Aims: This study aims to analyze the development characteristics of the Navoi Tourism Ring and to examine its role in expanding tourist routes and tourism infrastructure in the Central Tourism Region. Results: The findings show that in 2024 the region experienced a sharp increase in tourist arrivals, reaching 420.2 thousand foreign visitors and 2.485 million domestic tourists, while tourism exports reached 105 million USD. The implementation of the tourism ring concept led to the creation of 14 tourist routes covering 60 tourism facilities across several districts, along with infrastructure expansion including new hotels, increased accommodation capacity, and tourism clusters offering desert experiences and cultural activities. Novelty: The study highlights the structural organization of tourism routes and infrastructure development within the Navoi Tourism Ring as a regional diversification mechanism. Implications: The development of integrated tourist routes, infrastructure expansion, marketing strategies, and professional training contributes to strengthening the tourism sector, promoting cultural heritage, and supporting sustainable regional tourism development. Highlights:• Rapid Growth of Visitor Numbers and Tourism Export Value Recorded in 2024.• Fourteen Integrated Routes Connecting Sixty Attractions Across Multiple Districts.• Tourism Clusters Provide Desert Experiences, Cultural Heritage Visits, and Accommodation Services. Keywords: Tourism Diversification, Navoi Tourism Ring, Regional Tourism Development,Tourist Routes, Tourism Infrastructure.

General Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a versatile opportunistic pathogen frequently associated with hospital-acquired infections and notable for its ability to survive under diverse environmental conditions, including elevated temperatures encountered during fever and clinical disinfection procedures. Specific Background: Temperature variation represents a biologically relevant stressor that can alter bacterial physiology, virulence traits, and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns in clinical isolates. Knowledge Gap: Despite its clinical importance, the phenotypic and molecular responses of P. aeruginosa to thermal stress, particularly the integration of phenotypic assays with transcriptomic analysis, remain insufficiently characterized. Aims: This study investigated phenotypic alterations, antibiotic susceptibility modulation, and transcriptomic responses of clinical P. aeruginosa isolates exposed to thermal stress conditions. Results: Exposure to elevated temperatures produced measurable phenotypic changes, including modified growth rates, colony morphology, motility behavior, and biofilm dynamics, accompanied by shifts in antimicrobial susceptibility profiles and transcriptional reprogramming involving heat-shock proteins, stress-response regulators, virulence factors, and resistance-associated pathways. Novelty: The integration of phenotypic characterization with RNA sequencing provides a comprehensive molecular framework for understanding temperature-dependent adaptation in P. aeruginosa. Implications: These findings highlight temperature variation as a critical environmental signal shaping bacterial survival, virulence potential, and antimicrobial response, providing insights relevant to infection control strategies and clinical management of P. aeruginosa infections. Highlights: • Thermal exposure modifies bacterial growth patterns, colony structure, and biofilm dynamics.• Elevated temperature conditions coincide with antimicrobial susceptibility modulation and stress-response activation.• Integrated phenotypic assays and transcriptomic profiling reveal coordinated adaptive mechanisms. Keywords: Pseudomonas Aeruginosa; Thermal Stress; Phenotypic Adaptation; Antibiotic Susceptibility; RNA Sequencing

General Background: Oral hygiene is essential for preventing oral diseases, and interest in herbal formulations has increased due to concerns regarding side effects of chemical mouthwashes. Specific Background: Plant-derived ingredients such as pomegranate peel, clove, peppermint oil, rose water, and rock salt contain antimicrobial compounds that may support oral health. Knowledge Gap: However, limited studies have evaluated combined natural formulations against bacteria isolated from the oral cavity. Aims: This study aimed to examine the antibacterial activity of a natural mouthwash formulation against oral bacteria and compare it with a synthetic mouthwash. Results: Six concentrations of the formulation were tested against Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, and Enterococcus faecalis. The results showed that K. pneumoniae and P. mirabilis were sensitive to all concentrations, with inhibition zones reaching 26 mm and 28 mm respectively, while E. faecalis showed resistance to several concentrations. Novelty: The study presents a combined formulation of pomegranate peel and clove extracts as a natural mouthwash with antibacterial activity against multiple oral bacteria. Implications: These findings indicate that herbal mouthwash formulations may provide a natural alternative for oral hygiene applications. Highlights: • Certain natural formulations produced bacterial inhibition zones up to 28 mm• Gram-negative isolates showed broader susceptibility than Enterococcus faecalis• Combined plant extracts and mineral components demonstrated measurable antimicrobial activity Keywords: Natural Mouthwash; Antibacterial Activity; Oral Cavity Bacteria; Pomegranate Peel Extract; Clove Extract

General Background: Acute paraproctitis is a common inflammatory disease of the pararectal tissue in coloproctology. Specific Background: The intersphincteric variant is a severe form characterized by rapid infection spread within the intersphincteric space and risk of fistula formation. Knowledge Gap: Diagnosis remains challenging because patients often present with severe pain but minimal external perianal signs, leading to frequent misdiagnosis. Aims: This study examines the clinical features, diagnostic difficulties, and surgical management of acute intersphincteric paraproctitis based on literature review and clinical observations. Results: Patients commonly presented with severe anorectal pain and sphincter spasm, while body temperature often remained below 38 °C and external changes were minimal; several cases were initially misdiagnosed as hemorrhoids or anal fissure. Surgical treatment included abscess incision and drainage, excision of the internal opening, sphincter-preserving procedures, and minimally invasive methods such as LIFT and video-assisted techniques, with postoperative recovery and rare fistula formation during follow-up. Novelty: The study emphasizes distinctive clinical characteristics associated with diagnostic difficulty. Implications: Early recognition and standardized surgical approaches may reduce diagnostic errors and prevent chronic fistula development. Highlights: • Severe Anorectal Pain With Pronounced Sphincter Spasm Occurred Despite Minimal External Perianal Signs.• Diagnostic Errors Frequently Involved Misinterpretation as Hemorrhoids or Anal Fissure Before Specialized Examination.• Radical Surgical Intervention With Adequate Drainage Demonstrated Rare Fistula Formation During Follow-Up. Keywords: Acute Intersphincteric Paraproctitis, Surgical Management, Coloproctology, Anal Fistula Formation, Pararectal Inflammation.

General Background: Oxidation–reduction reactions are fundamental processes in chemistry and play essential roles in energy systems, biological processes, environmental chemistry, and metallurgical operations. Specific Background: Thermal energy is a critical factor that governs both thermodynamic feasibility and kinetic behavior in redox reactions, affecting reaction rates, equilibrium conditions, and electron transfer pathways. Knowledge Gap: Although the influence of temperature on chemical reactions has been widely recognized, a unified explanation connecting thermodynamic principles, kinetic theories, and practical redox applications across multiple scientific fields remains limited. Aims: This review summarizes how heat governs oxidation–reduction reactions by examining its effects on reaction thermodynamics, reaction kinetics, mechanistic pathways, and overall process performance. Results: The analysis of classical theories and published studies shows that temperature alters equilibrium constants, modifies activation energies, accelerates reaction rates, and affects electron transfer mechanisms. These thermal effects play significant roles in chemical systems including metallurgy, biological redox processes, environmental reactions, and emerging energy technologies. Novelty: The article synthesizes theoretical and applied perspectives to present an integrated view of thermal control in oxidation–reduction chemistry. Implications: Understanding the role of heat in redox reactions provides a conceptual foundation for improving chemical process design, optimizing reaction conditions, and guiding future research in electrochemistry, materials science, and energy conversion technologies. Keywords: Oxidation Reduction Reactions, Reaction Kinetics, Electron Transfer, Thermodynamic Equilibrium, Thermal Energy Key Findings Highlights Temperature modifies equilibrium behavior and activation barriers in redox systems Thermal conditions regulate electron exchange pathways during chemical transformations Multiple scientific fields apply temperature-controlled redox chemistry principles

General Background Γ-rings represent an important generalization of classical ring theory and provide a broader framework for studying algebraic mappings and structural properties of algebraic systems. Specific Background In derivation theory, several generalizations such as Jordan derivations, higher derivations, and reverse derivations have been investigated to understand additive mappings in rings and Γ-rings. Knowledge Gap Despite these developments, the structure and properties of higher reverse α-derivations in 2-torsion free semiprime Γ-rings have received limited theoretical attention. Aims This study introduces the concept of higher reverse α-derivations on semiprime Γ-rings and investigates related notions including Jordan higher reverse α-derivations and Jordan triple higher reverse α-derivations. Results The paper formulates definitions for these mappings and establishes several algebraic identities and structural relations that describe their behavior in the setting of semiprime Γ-rings. A series of lemmas and algebraic derivations demonstrate how these mappings interact with the Γ-ring structure and generalize classical results from derivation theory. Novelty The work extends the framework of reverse derivations by introducing higher reverse α-derivations and analyzing their structural properties in 2-torsion free semiprime Γ-rings. Implications These results contribute to the theoretical development of derivation theory in generalized algebraic systems and provide a foundation for further investigations of generalized derivations, higher mappings, and related operator structures within Γ-rings and other algebraic frameworks. Keywords: Semiprime Gamma Ring, Higher Reverse Alpha Derivation, Jordan Higher Reverse Derivation, Derivation Theory, Algebraic Structures Key Findings Highlights Structural identities describing higher reverse α-derivations in semiprime Γ-rings were formulated. Algebraic relations for Jordan higher reverse and Jordan triple higher reverse mappings were established. The study extends classical derivation theory to generalized Γ-ring structures.

General Background: The expansion of internet access and mobile technology has encouraged the use of digital Qur’an applications to support religious practices among urban Muslims. Specific Background: Quranly provides interactive features such as reminders, progress tracking, and gamification designed to facilitate consistent Qur’an engagement. Knowledge Gap: Despite increasing adoption of digital Qur’an platforms, limited empirical research examines how application features relate to user satisfaction through trust mechanisms, particularly among urban Muslim users. Aims: This study analyzes the relationship between Quranly application features, user trust, and user satisfaction, including the mediating role of trust. Results: A quantitative survey of 140 active Quranly users analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling–Partial Least Squares shows that application features are positively associated with user satisfaction (β=0.266; p<0.05) and trust (β=0.452; p<0.05), while trust is also positively associated with satisfaction (β=0.346; p<0.05). Trust additionally functions as a complementary mediator between application features and satisfaction. Novelty: The study proposes an empirical mediation model linking digital Qur’an application features, trust, and satisfaction among urban Muslim users. Implications: The findings highlight the importance of feature reliability, content credibility, and service consistency in supporting trust and sustaining satisfaction in digital religious applications. Highlights • Interactive system attributes show significant relationships with satisfaction levels among Quranly users.• Trust functions as a mediating mechanism within digital religious platform usage.• Reliability and credibility of platform services support sustained user experience. Keywords Digital Quran Application; Application Features; User Trust; User Satisfaction; Urban Muslims