In the subpopulation analysis, similar results were observed in Asians (CC vs.

Mangrove-associated fungal endophytes (MFE) produce structurally diverse secondary metabolites with promising pharmaceutical applications. In our effort to search for these valuable fungi, reported herein is our isolation and molecular identification of fungal endophytes associated with mature leaves of the host mangrove Rhizophora mucronata. The isolated MFE were characterized based on their colonial growth on three culture media -potato dextrose agar (PDA), Czapek Dox agar (CDA), and malt extract agar (MEA), and these were grouped into 16 morphospecies. Analysis of the ITS genes confirmed the identities of the isolated mangrove fungal endophytes as belonging to the genera Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Curvularia, Diaporthe, Fusarium, Nigrospora, Penicillium, Pestalotiopsis, and Schizophyllum. Our study showed the species richness of fungal endophytes associated with Philippine mangroves.

Then columbin (5) with 5-LOX (-8.5 kcal/mol), MMP-1 (-8.3 kcal/mol), and MMP-8 (-8.2 kcal/mol). Both berberine (3) and 20-hydroxyecdysone (1) are bound to the least number of proteins, namely MMP-2 (-8.9 kcal/mol) and MMP-19 (-8.9 kcal/mol), respectively. Meanwhile, ADMET analysis revealed that berberine (3), magnoflorine (7), menisperine (8), reticuline (10), and stigmasterol (11) are of good oral bioavailability, while β-sitosterol (2), syringin (12), and 20-hydroxyecdysone (1) have undesirable lipophilicity and polarity. Berberine (3), columbamine (4), jatrorrhizine (6), and palmatine (9) are predicted to be the most toxic compounds when administered via oral route. While these secondary metabolites exhibited optimal binding affinities, their potential as lead compounds is constrained by their drug-likeness properties, with some of them having violations in XLOGP3, MLOGP, and hydrogen bond following Lipinski's rule of five and Muegge's rule. Therefore, further functionalization and modification are imperative for prospective drug discovery and design.