Plant growth regulators are organic substances that are synthesized naturally within the plant, and controlled the physiological events, can be transported from where they are formed to other parts of the plants, and can show their effects even at very low concentrations. In this study, it was aimed to determine the effect of different doses of plant growth regulators in different growth stages on oil content and fatty acid compositions of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). A total of twelve different treatments were preferred with different chemicals such as gibberallic acid (GA3), mepiquat-chloride (MC), and seaweed (SW) in different growth stages (beginning bloom (BB), full bloom (FB) and beginning bloom + full bloom (BB+FB)). The highest oil content was obtained in MCFB200 (55.46%) treatment, while the lowest was obtained in GA3BB20 (45.44%) treatment. Oleic acid ratio varied from 50.33% to 59.25%, and all treatments were higher than that of the control group. The highest and lowest linoleic acid ratios were observed in SWBBFB100 (26.72%) and GA3FB10 (19.52%) treatments, respectively. MCFB200 and GA3FB10 treatments could be recommended for the highest oil ratio and the highest oleic acid ratio, respectively.

The faba bean, is an important legume which is valuable for human nutrition on account of its high amino acid and protein content. This study determines the effects of phosphorus, applied in various doses (0-30-60-90-120kg ha-1), on the seed yield, protein and amino acid content of the bean (Salkım, Filiz and Kıtık). The study was conducted in the 2022 and 2023 growing seasons in the experimental field of the Faculty of Agriculture of Aydin Adnan Menderes University. The effect of different interactions of cultivar and phosphorus dose on the seed yield and on the levels of the amino acids aspartic acid, serine, alanine, arginine, threosine and histidine was found to be significant, as was the effect of the phosphorus dose on the protein ratio. The optimum values for the seed yield (2.14t ha-1) and protein ratio (26.4%) were obtained when the phosphorus was applied at 60kg ha-1. Among the cultivars, Kıtık achieved a higher yield and protein ratio than the others. Arginine (1.056g/100g) and aspartic acid (1.125g/100g) were the amino acids found in the greatest quantities in the beans. However, while methionine (0.087g/100g) and cysteine (0.085g/100 g) were the essential amino acids present in the smallest quantities, the application of phosphorus increased the levels of these amino acids. As a result, the changes brought about in the yield, protein content and amino acid content of the faba bean cultivars by applying various doses of phosphorus were determined, revealing ways in which the nutritional value of the seeds might be enhanced.

The effects of chicken manure and different bacteria applications on yield and yield components of beans were investigated in present study. The field experiment was conducted during the 2019 and 2020 at the experimental area of the Faculty of Agriculture, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with three replications. Chicken manure (chicken manure + and chicken manure -) were main plots and bacteria applications (control; traditional; rhizobia; bontera; traditional + rhizobia; traditional + bontera; rhizobia + bontera; traditional + rhizobia + bontera) were sub-plots. All of the investigated characters were higher in second year than first year except for harvest index and hundred kernel weight due to especially June precipitation in second year. Application of chicken manure positively affected important yield components, chlorophyll content and yield. In general, the application of bacteria alone or together has positively affected yield and yield components. The highest yield was obtained from traditional+rhizobia+bontera application. Consequently; it was determined that the efficiency of bacteria increased with the application of chicken manure and positive results were obtained in yield and yield components of beans.

The current study examined the influence of various N sources viz. common-urea, Zn-coated urea, neem-coated urea, and polymer-coated urea and N application methods viz., basal- and split-application on the growth, physiological, yield and related traits and economic return in wheat under field. Results showed that N sources and application methods significantly affected the growth, physiological and yield- and yield-related traits when applied as a split application, followed by Zn-coated, polymer-coated, and common urea. Neem-coated urea increased chlorophyll (Chl) a, Chl b, total Chl, and carotenoid contents by 382.85, 401.88, 164.25, and 78.57% under basal application while 558.82, 283.62, 939.42, and 94.11% under split application. Moreover, neem-coated urea also depicted higher biological and grain yields than other treatments which were associated with higher values of yield-related traits including the number of productive tillers, number of spikelets, and number of grains per spike. For economic returns, neem-coated urea also depicted a higher benefit-cost ratio. For N application methods, split application significantly improved the plant height, chlorophyll pigments contents, yield- and yield-related traits and BCR. In conclusion, neem-coated urea application as a split application performed well followed by Zn-coated and polymer-coated urea in improving the yield and overall economic return.

Common Reed (Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. Ex Steud, which is remained inactive and grown in saline
 drainage channels, has been seen as an important potential to reduce the roughage deficit needed in animal nutrition. For this purpose, some yield, fermantation, chemical and nutritional characteristics of P.australis herbage and silage obtained from the end of the vegetative stage (EVS), the beginning of panicle (BP) and the full panicle stage (FPS) were determined. The study was carried out in 2021-2022 in Igdir, which is located in the North-East of Turkey. The results showed that the forage yield characteristics increased as the development period progressed and also that high lactic acid, low pH, acetic, propionic and butyric acid contents desired in silo feeds were obtained from the cuttings at FPS. In addition, ammonia production was low in silages at BP and FPS, but high the fleig score. It was observed that the dry matter digestibility, metabolic energy and relative feed value were higher while dry matter and crude protein ratio, acid detergent fibre and crude ash content of herbage according to silage were lower. On the other hand, the desired chemical and nutritional values in both herbage and silage were determined during the most suitable BP. As a result, it was determined that the common reed was appropriate to harvest in FPS for a silo feed with high yield and fermentation properties. In addition, it was concluded that the herbage and silage harvested at BP produced a higher quality feed material in terms of nutritional and chemical composition, respectively.

The aim of this research was to evaluate the impact of variety, location and sowing dates on some yield and quality traits of safflower. The field experiments of this study were carried out in spring season of 2017 and 2018 under ecological conditions of the Suleymanpasa and Malkara districts of Tekirdag. The experiment was laid out as a split plot design based on randomized complete block design with three replications, in which cultivars constituted the main plot with two varieties (Dincer and Balci), and sowing dates constituted the sub-plot with four dates (20 February, 5 March, 20 March and 5 April) in both locations. Results showed that variation in sowing dates had a significant effect on seed yield, oil content and oil yield of safflower variety. The seed yield was significantly affected by the sowing dates and it seriously decreased as sowing time was delayed (418 and 553 kg ha-1 higher in 20 February compared to 5 April in both production year). The highest seed yield was obtained from sowing on February 20 in 2017 and 2018 (1391.89 and 1493.44 kg ha-1, respectively). As a result, because of sowing dates is a crucial factor for seed and oil yield of safflower, sowing should be done as early as possible in the spring.

used as food and feeding. This study was conducted to characterize 15 superior grass pea genotypes grown in two locations (Antalya and Isparta) with respect to fatty acids, oil content and oil yield (Seed yield (g plant-1) × Oil content (%)). Grass pea seeds were sown in a randomized complete blocks design and an augmented experimental design in Antalya and Isparta, respectively. In the first step of study, the seeds were harvested on 25 May 2021 and 15 June 2021 in Antalya and Isparta respectively. Linoleic acid was the dominant fatty acid present in all grass pea genotypes, with its contents ranging from 39.38% (GP213) to 42.61% (GP150). Lauric, tridecanoic, pentadecanoic, palmitic and erucic acid were found at trace levels; meanwhile, oleic acid was determined as the second excess fatty acid in all genotypes, ranging from 19.12 to 21.41%. The amounts of saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated (PUFA) fatty acids were calculated to be in the ranges of 23.82-28.57%, 19.63-22.36% and 51.06-54.43%, respectively. The oil ratios and oil yields of the genotypes varied between 0.59 and 0.80% and between 0.01 and 0.24 g plant-1. The significance t-test for mean values indicated that there were no significant differences between the locations for all fatty acid features and oil traits. These presented data showed these collection presents new superior lines with respect to oil traits

A mutant population was generated using a popular wheat cultivar of Bangladesh; BARI GOM-28, with ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) to create diversity in terms of different agronomic characteristics and grain quality parameters. An EMS concentration ranging from 0.2% to 1.2% was used and the optimum was found to be 0.8%. This study was initiated with 16,000 seeds, where 1,581 lines survived under greenhouse conditions up to M4 generation. Through 3 subsequent field trials, 3 promising lines, namely, 0037/17, 0020/17 and 0023/17 were selected with enhanced spike length, number of spikes per plant, number of spikelets per spike, number of grains per spike, grains weight per plant and 1000-grain weight. Such improved agronomic traits contributed towards a greater yield potential of 0037/17 (5.94-6.10 t ha-1), 0020/17 (5.47-5.54 t ha-1) and 0023/17 (4.97-5.20 t ha-1) than BARI GOM-28 (3.63-3.69 t ha-1) in the multi-location trial. Improvement in certain bread-making qualities like wet gluten content (>28%) and total protein content (~13%) was also observed and compared to BARI GOM-28 which had 22% wet gluten and 11% total protein. Therefore, these mutant lines could be used as a valuable resource for genetic studies to dissect the function of the genes controlling such desired parameters as well as superior breeding lines.

Biological and nano fertilizers are alternative and supplements to chemical fertilizers security for the sustainability of agricultural production. This study is present to investigate the effect of biological and nano fertilizers on the quantitative and qualitative yield of cow pea during two crop years (2018-2019 and 2019-2020) in the research farm of the South Agricultural Research and Education Center of Kerman province, Iran. This experiment was carried out factorial in designs of randomized complete blocks with 16 treatments and 3 repliation, the studied factors include four levels of biological fertilizers (control, zinc amino chlate, aminoalexin, and bio20) and four levels of nano chelates (control, boron nano chelate, potassium nano chelate and iron nano chelate). The results of the experiment showed that there was no significant difference between the two years of the experiment in terms of all quantitative and qualitative traits. While the use of biological fertilizers and nanochelates increased the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of cowpea. In other words, the lowest amount of quantitative and qualitative traits related to cowpea was in the absence of biological fertilizers and nano chelate. Based on the obtained results, the application of bio20 biological fertilizer along with iron nano chelate or potassium nano chelate caused a significant increase in quantitative and qualitative traits. In general, and according to the results of the experiment, it was found that the use of biological fertilizers, especially Bio20 and Aminoalexin, caused a significant improvement in the quality characteristics. The positive effect of bio20 and aminoalexin in improving quality characteristics was significantly higher when used together with nano chelates, especially nano chelates of iron and potassium which is likely due to the positive effect of potassium and iron in various plant metabolic processes. It includes osmotic regulation, increasing chlorophyll, and photosynthesis. Therefore, the interaction of biofertilizers (Bio20) with nano chelate (iron and potassium) increased seed yield by 50% compared to the control (no fertilizer use).

Soil salinity has enormous negative impact on crop productivity leading to food insecurity and malnutrition, especially in arid regions. A field experiment was conducted during the summer seasons of 2018 and 2019 to evaluate the effects of various N fertilization rates in combination with Bradyrhizobium japonicum inoculation on the agronomic perfor-mance of soybean (Glycine max L) in saline soils (EC 5.8 dS m-1). The following fertilization treatments were applied: no fertilization (control), N0Р90К60, N30Р90К60, N60Р90К60 individually and in tandem with B. japonicum as a seed bio-inoculant. The experiment in a split-plot design, N fertilization as the main plot, the seed inoculation as the sub-plot was set up in three replicates. Soybean growth, nutrients uptake and yield parameters increased with increasing N fertili-zation rate, however, the effect was more pronounced with the seed inoculation. Averaged over the cropping seasons, the soybean yield was higher by 20.4%, 19.0%, 34.1% and 6.1% in the inoculated treatments of no-fertlization, N0Р90К60, N30Р90К60, N60Р90К60, respectively as compared to the similar fertilization treatments without the seed inoculation. As a result, fertilization rate of N30Р90К60 in with association B. japonicum inoculation was recommended as this study outcome due to the high soybean yield and quality seeds as the crucial components of sustainable agricultural production under salt-stressed field conditions.