This position statement was developed by an ad hoc committee of the American Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology and the American Academy of Orofacial Pain. The committee reviewed the pertinent literature and drafted recommendations for imaging. This joint statement provides evidence-based recommendations and clinical guidance for applying appropriate diagnostic imaging to evaluate the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). This manuscript guides the design of TMJ imaging examinations, addresses in-office CBCT imaging, and provides timely evidence-based recommendations to evaluate the TMJ bony components, also addressing the use of MRI and other modalities to evaluate TMJ involvement in different pathologic conditions.

Aims: To determine sleep quality and associated factors in a group of patients with painful TMDs. Methods: The medical records of 80 patients with arthralgia and/or myofascial pain were reviewed and compared to a healthy control group. Data about sex, age, subjective pain, physical activity, social activity, subjective sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index [PSQI]), pain vigilance (Pain Vigilance and Awareness Questionnaire [PVAQ]), and pain catastrophizing (Pain Catastrophizing Scale [PCS]) were collected. Relationships between PSQI, age, pain intensity, PVAQ, and PCS in the TMD group were also analyzed. Data from the control group were used to transform the PSQI results into T-scores, which were then used to divide the TMD group into two subgroups: normal and impaired sleep. Results: TMD patients presented a significantly higher (P < .001) PSQI score than the control group. Also, in the TMD group, there was a low to moderate correlation between PSQI and pain intensity and a significant correlation between PVAQ and PCS. The impaired sleep group presented a significantly higher (P < .001) PSQI T-score than the normal sleep group. Univariate analysis showed that subjective pain, social activity, and the PCS total and subscale scores differed significantly between the different PSQI T-score groups. The comparison between TMD pain patients and control subjects showed a significantly higher prevalence of T-score discordance in almost all PSQI components in TMD patients with impaired sleep. Conclusion: Subjective sleep quality in painful TMD patients could be associated with and influenced by psychosocial factors (catastrophizing and hypervigilance), social activity, and pain intensity.

Aims: To determine differences between TMD subtypes in terms of clinical characteristics, dizziness, tinnitus, and ear fullness according to the Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD) and to investigate the clinical conditions associated with dizziness, tinnitus, and ear fullness. Methods: Participants having TMDs aged 18 to 45 years were included in this study. They were classified and divided into three groups according to the DC/TMD Axis I criteria: group 1 = pain-related TMDs and headache; group 2 = intra-articular joint disorders; and group 3 = degenerative joint disease. Demographic data and dizziness, tinnitus, and ear fullness were assessed. Maximum mouth opening, opening/closing click, lateral click, fine/coarse crepitation, bruxism, and presence of pain were evaluated by physical examination. Results: A total of 129 participants were included: 68 (52.7%) in group 1, 40 (31%) in group 2, and 21 (16.3%) in group 3. In the comparison of all three diagnostic groups, there was a significant difference only in educational level (P = .013). The presence of dizziness, tinnitus, or ear fullness was not found to be significantly different among the three groups. When all participants were divided into two groups according to the presence of dizziness, low education levels (P = .007), being married (P = .040), presence of pain (P = .002), tinnitus (P = .008), ear fullness (P = .017), and presence of thin crepitation (P = .015) were related to having dizziness symptoms. In addition, patients with ear fullness (P = .042), dizziness (P = .008), and female sex (P = .008) reported more tinnitus. Conclusion: TMD subtype was not associated with dizziness, tinnitus, or ear fullness. Painful conditions were associated with dizziness in participants with TMDs.

No summary.

To identify the range of patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) used in TMD studies, summarize the available evidence for their psychometric properties, and provide guidance for the selection of such measures. A comprehensive search was conducted to retrieve articles published between 2009 and 2018 containing a patient-reported measure of the effects of TMDs. Three databases were searched: MEDLINE, Embase, and Web of Science. A total of 517 articles containing at least one PROM were included in the review, and 57 additional studies were also located describing the psychometric properties of some tools in a TMD population. A total of 106 PROMs were identified and fell into the following categories: PROMs describing the severity of symptoms; PROMs describing psychologic status; and PROMs describing quality of life and general health. The most commonly used PROM was the visual analog scale. However, a wide range of verbal descriptors was employed. The Oral Health Impact Profile-14 and Beck Depression Inventory were the most commonly used PROMs describing the effect of TMDs on quality of life and psychologic status, respectively. Additionally, the Oral Health Impact Profile (various versions) and the Research Diagnostic Criteria Axis ll questionnaires were the instruments most repeatedly tested in a TMD population, and these instruments have undergone cross-cultural validation in several languages. A wide range of PROMs have been used to describe the impact of TMDs on patients. Such variability may limit the ability of researchers and clinicians to evaluate the efficacy of different treatments and make meaningful comparisons.

To systematically review the literature assessing associations between TMDs and primary headaches. Using validated clinical criteria, studies on TMDs and primary headaches published up to January 10, 2023 were identified using six electronic databases. This review adhered to the PRISMA 2020 guidelines and 27-item checklist and is registered on PROSPERO (CRD42021256391). Risk of bias was evaluated using the National Institutes of Health Quality Assessment Toolkits for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies. Two independent investigators rated 7,697 records against the primary endpoint and found 8 records meeting the eligibility requirements. Migraine was found to be the most common primary headache related to TMDs (61.5%), followed by episodic tension-type headache (ETTH; 38.5%). A moderate association was found for mixed TMDs with migraine and ETTH, with a large sample size and multiple studies included (n = 8). A very low-quality association was found for myalgia-related TMDs with migraine and ETTH (included studies, n = 2). The association between TMDs and primary headaches is of great interest given the possible effectiveness of TMD management in reducing headache intensity/frequency in patients with TMDs and headache comorbidity. A moderate association was found for mixed TMDs with primary headaches, in particular migraine and ETTH. However, owing to the overall moderate certainty of evidence of the present findings, further longitudinal studies with larger samples investigating possible associated factors and using accurate TMD and headache category assignment are needed.

Aims: To systematically review the qualitative evidence related to experiences of patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMD) and to explore their journeys within health care services. Methods: A systematic search of the following databases was conducted: MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, Web of Science, CINAHL Complete, and the Cochrane database. Thematic synthesis was used to analyze and synthesize the data from qualitative studies that explored the journeys of TMD patients within health care services. The Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) tool was used to critically appraise the quality of the included studies. Results: The search strategies yielded 4,563 articles across all databases, and 18 articles were eventually included. Six themes were derived: care-seeking attitudes; expectations and health care experience; the patient-clinician interaction; diagnosis as a stepping stone for improvement; management; and social support. Conclusion: The journey within health care services may play a valuable role in the ability to cope with chronic TMDs. Receiving a diagnosis, being listened to, and being believed are among the most important elements making for a positive clinical experience.

To examine the effect of manual therapy applied to the cervical joint for reducing pain and improving mouth opening and jaw function in people with TMDs. A systematic review of randomized controlled trials was performed. Participants were adults diagnosed with TMDs. The experimental intervention was manual therapy applied to the cervical joint compared to no intervention/placebo. Outcome data relating to orofacial pain intensity, pressure pain threshold (PPT), maximum mouth opening, and jaw function were extracted and combined in meta-analyses. The review included five trials involving 213 participants, of which 90% were women. Manual therapy applied to the cervical joint decreased orofacial pain (mean difference: -1.8 cm; 95% CI: -2.8 to -0.9) and improved PPT (mean difference: 0.64 kg/cm2; 95% CI: 0.02 to 1.26) and jaw function (standardized mean difference: 0.65; 95% CI: 0.3 to 1.0). Manual therapy applied to the cervical joint had short-term benefits for reducing pain intensity and improving jaw function in women with TMDs. Further studies are needed to improve the quality of the evidence and to investigate the maintenance of benefits beyond the intervention period.

To describe the development of the Physical Symptom Scale-8 (PSS-8) and to examine its psychometric properties and use in temporomandibular disorder (TMD)-related assessment and research. An online survey comprising demographic variables, the DC/TMD pain screener (TPS), Short-Form Fonseca Anamnestic Index (SFAI), PSS-8, PHQ-15, and Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) was administered to young adults attending a technical college. The PSS-8 adopted the Somatic Symptom Scale-8 (SSS-8) items but maintained the 3-point response scale and 4-week time frame of the PHQ-15. Internal consistency and reliability of the PSS-8 were determined by its Cronbach α value. Known-groups and concurrent/convergent validity were examined using Mann-Whitney U test and Spearman correlation (α = .05), respectively. Responses from 400 participants (mean age 18.8 ± 1.5 years; 52.3% women) were evaluated. Pain-related (WPT) and all (WAT) TMDs were present in 8.5% and 17.3% of the sample, respectively. The PSS-8 exhibited good internal consistency (α = 0.82) and sound known-groups validity, with the WPT/WAT groups having significantly higher PSS-8 scores than those without TMDs. Good concurrent and convergent validity were also observed, with moderate to strong correlations with the PHQ-15 (rs = 0.97) and DASS-21 scores (rs = 0.48 to 0.60). Correlations with the TPS and SFAI scores were weaker (rs = 0.28 to 0.34). The PSS-8 presented good psychometric properties and performed similarly to the PHQ-15. It holds promise as the "de facto" shortened version of the PHQ-15 for TMDs and related work.

Aims: To present a review of the mechanisms of action, available clinical data, and safety profiles of novel migraine therapeutics to inform practice. Methods: PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar were searched for randomized controlled trials (24 publications), review articles (15 publications), and other pertinent literature (16 publications) discussing the novel migraine therapeutics available between the years 2010 and 2021. All publications were reviewed to assess the mechanism of action, relevant clinical data, and side effect profile for each novel treatment. Therapeutic gain was also recorded in studies that included a placebo arm. Results: A total of 55 studies were included in the final analysis. In the preventive treatment of migraine, novel medications target calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and fall into either the monoclonal anti-CGRP or gepant class. For the acute treatment of migraine, novel medications fall into either the ditan or gepant class. Several medical devices have been developed for the acute and preventive treatment of migraine. Conclusion: Novel therapeutics are available for both the prevention and acute treatment of migraine headaches. These new medications and neuromodulatory devices appear overall to be safe and effective in the management of migraine headaches.