ABSTRACT Objective Risk factors associated with eating disorders (EDs) have been widely studied, although previous research has been limited to largely cross-sectional data or understanding risk factors in adult populations. Little is therefore known about the role of risk factors in early adolescence for the subsequent development of ED symptoms in adolescence. Method The present study examined factors identified in transdiagnostic models of EDs, in a sample of 2,372 adolescents who participated in Waves 3, 4 and 7 of the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children. The present study examined the association between body dissatisfaction, negative emotional reactivity and self-esteem in adolescents aged 10–11, and probable ED status measured via self-report at age 16–17, while adjusting for confounders measured at age 8–9 years. Results Negative reactivity and self-esteem at age 10–11 years were not significantly associated with ED status at age 16–17. Body dissatisfaction was associated with a decreased likelihood of meeting probable ED status at age 16–17, however this effect was small and likely not clinically significant, with only 2% of variance in probable ED status accounted for by body dissatisfaction. Conclusion Findings of the study suggest that transdiagnostic models of EDs may not capture the key risk factors for EDs in early adolescence.

ABSTRACT Objective The literature shows employee trust in leaders supports organisational performance, despite much still being unknown about the employee-leader trust relationship. This study aimed to explore employee trust in leaders through trust breaches to broaden knowledge about the multidimensional nature of the trust construct and provide organisations with a focus on how to improve employee trust in leaders. Method Trust breaches were explored using hypothetical vignettes. Participants received one scenario with a combination of a relationship treatment and behavioural treatment. There were three relationship treatments: no relationship, new relationship, and established relationship between employee and leader. There were also eight unique behavioural treatments of trust breach between employee and leader in the workplace (for example, betraying agreements). Results Using one-way and two-way analysis of variance, findings showed that only those allocated to the established relationship group were likely to trust the hypothetical leader in the future. While all behavioural breaches negatively influenced future trust, the behaviours of leader lying to, betraying confidentiality of, and publicly belittling the employee were significantly less likely to engender future employee trust. Conclusion This study offers a novel perspective to exploring employee-leader multidimensional organisational trust by investigating trust breaches according to type of relationship and behavioural breach type. This study showed behavioural breaches negatively influence perceptions of future employee trust in leaders. It also reaffirms that established relationships are most likely to be resilient to trust breaches over nominal or absent relationships between employees and their leader.

ABSTRACT Objective Emerging research suggests that self-compassion and self-coldness are involved in the treatment of psychological difficulties among refugees and asylum seekers. Self-compassion involves treating oneself with warmth and care and self-coldness involves treating oneself with harsh judgement. We aimed to explore the unique understandings and applications of self-compassion and self-coldness among Hazara asylum seekers and refugees in Australia. Method Eleven Hazaras (ninemen and two women) who were seeking asylum or had a refugee background were interviewed about their understandings and applications of self-compassion and self-coldness. Transcripts of interview recordings were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. Results Participants reported wide variation in their understandings and applications of self-compassion and self-coldness. Participants broadly reported difficulties turning inwards with self-compassion. Participants also tended to place the needs of others before their own because of their histories and community/cultural ideas about self-compassion, such as self-compassion being selfish or justified only if in service of others. Experiencing significant external stressors, such as long standing family separation and visa insecurity, were also barriers to contacting private experiences. Conclusions The current study identified several important barriers among the Hazara community in applying self-compassion. Descriptive terms for self-compassion and self-coldness are also provided by the community and might inform clinical approaches.

ABSTRACT Objective Postpartum depression affects around 17% of the women worldwide and has considerable implications for maternal and child health. While some risk factors have been identified, the association between pregnancy and delivery complications and postpartum depression is less well understood. This study aims to determine whether specific pregnancy complications are associated with risk of postpartum depression symptoms (PPDS). Method This study analysed a subset of variables collected as part of a larger study exploring pregnancy circumstances and maternal-foetal health outcomes. Mothers residing in Australia provided information on their biological children aged 3–13 years. Pregnancy complications were analysed using bivariate analyses and binary logistic regression. Results Mothers (N = 1,926) reported on N = 3,210 pregnancies (mean number of pregnancies = 1.27, SD = 0.97). At the time of childbirth, mothers were on average 30.1 years old (SD = 5.14). Experiencing a pregnancy complication increased the risk of PPDS (X2 = 16.45, df = 1, p < 0.001) However, logistic regression analyses indicated an increased risk of PPDS was associated with the specific pregnancy complications of cytomegalovirus (AOR = 7.06, 95% CI[1.51,32.98]), emergency caesarean (AOR = 1.67, 95% CI[1.31,2.12]), foetal distress before birth (AOR = 1.49, 95% CI[1.16,1.91]), induced labour (AOR = 1.55, 95% CI[1.25,1.91]) and placenta previa (AOR = 2.60, 95% CI[1.44,4.71]). Conclusion Specific pregnancy complications were associated with PPDS, suggesting that some complications may pose a greater risk for PPDS than others. This study contributes to the growing understanding of peripartum risk factors for postpartum depression, and suggests that early clinical identification of at-risk mothers and early prophylactic and supportive care may be warranted to reduce that risk.

ABSTRACT Objective The current study explored (1) changes in trust in federal and state governments and scientists across representative Australian national samples from 2003–2020; and (2) the extent to which trust in these sources predicted compliance with COVID-19 prevention measures at the onset of the pandemic. Method Using a nationally representative samples (N = 1000), we asked participants to rate their trust in federal and state government and in scientists, their extent of compliance with COVID-19 prevention measures, and to provide demographic information. Results We found that trust in federal and state governments had significantly increased, while trust in scientists was at a high level matched by only three other time-points. Higher levels of trust in state government and scientists uniquely predicted greater compliance with COVID-19 prevention measures. Women and older respondents also reported greater compliance. Conclusion The current findings reinforce those from Australia and other countries indicating that trust increased during the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, and those identifying trust in government and in scientists as important predictors of compliance. Importantly, our findings highlight the role of trust in state government, which potentially reflects the role played by Australian state governments in enacting and enforcing COVID-19 prevention measures.

ABSTRACT Objective The current study aims to explore the influence of social comparison on risk decision-making for self and for groups in intergroup contexts. Method Two experiments with the within-subjects design of 2 (social comparison: upward comparison, downward comparison) × 3 (decision-maker role: for “me”, for “us”, for “them”) were conducted in this study. Experiment 1 focused on the ingroup contexts, and experiment 2 focused on the outgroup contexts. Results (1) in outgroup contexts, individuals are more risk-seeking in upward comparison conditions than in downward comparison conditions. However, the difference disappears in ingroup contexts. (2) Making decisions for “them” is riskier than making decisions for “me” and for “us” with no significant differences between the latter two and consistent across intergroup contexts. (3) The difference in risk decisions made amid upward and downward comparisons is amplified for decisions made for groups. Conclusion The findings may support the selective accessibility model and provide an interpretation with responsibility alleviation for self-group differences in risk decision-making.

ABSTRACT Objective Chronic pain is a prevalent and costly public health problem for young people. The associated physical, psychosocial, and psychological burdens, including higher degrees of social isolation, are well documented. Pathways to receive and offer support can be found with online social support (OSS). Research indicates OSS features impact the frequency of use, reach, safety and overall experience for the user. Methods We conducted a rigorous internet search to identify and appraise the available English-language OSS worldwide for young people with chronic pain. Through Google, two complementary search strategies were used to identify the available OSS. The general characteristics and features of the available OSS were then extracted. Results The search strategies produced a total yield of 1319 websites of which 11 OSS websites were identified as meeting inclusion criteria. Characteristics of OSS varied significantly, such as moderation, site access requirements and safeguarding features. Only two of the OSS sites, both being affiliated with a hospital, offered all of the features suggested by the literature to mitigate the potential for harm. Conclusions Despite the prevalence of chronic pain in young people and clear benefits to utilise support online, there is a paucity of available high-quality OSS available for access and support. When young people do go online with the hope to receive support, a safe space to share experiences may not be easily found. It appears an important opportunity is being missed for this group to foster social connections that may be unavailable offline.

ABSTRACT Objective The contribution of women’s leadership programs to gender change in organisations is controversial, and evidence of programs’ effectiveness is siloed across countries, sectors and industries. This systematic review aimed to provide a summary of current global efforts to evaluate women’s leadership programs. Method A systematic review protocol was registered with Open Science Framework prior to data extraction. Eight databases from multidisciplinary fields including (but not limited to) behavioural, social, physical, health and life sciences, management and business, and gender and women’s studies were searched for academic papers examining the outcomes of women’s leadership programs. Twenty-four studies were appraised for methodological quality using Joanna Briggs Institute guidelines and 16 studies (11 peer reviewed articles and five theses) were included in the review. Results Data were synthesized using an updated Kirkpatrick typology with seven categories used to classify evaluation outcomes. Subjective outcome levels were addressed more frequently than objective levels. Promotion to a leadership position was the sole objective outcome addressed, but methodological limitations of the included studies mitigate a link between programs and women’s career advancement. Conclusions Currently, the global evidence of women’s leadership programs’ impact on individuals and organisations is inconclusive. This systematic review emphasises the need for enhanced methodological and theoretical rigour to guide the development of future women’s leadership programs and their evaluation.

ABSTRACT Objective To determine if psychological distress has increased during the COVID-19 pandemic, and to identify predictors of distress. Method Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10) scores from nationally representative Australian samples before (n = 955) and during (n = 1173) the pandemic were compared. The pandemic sample also completed additional COVID-19 attitudinal scales. Results The pandemic sample reported significantly higher distress than the pre-pandemic sample, especially among Melbourne residents, women, and younger and older Australians. Stress attributed to COVID-19, feeling the pandemic management is out of control, and an unwillingness to vaccinate were also predictive of psychological distress. Conclusions Women, youth, and Melbourne residents were most vulnerable to the negative effects of COVID-19 on wellbeing, while feelings related to a loss of control, stress about the virus, and vaccine hesitancy may have also contributed to psychological distress.

ABSTRACT Objective Existing theoretical models and research findings highlight individual parent characteristics as contributors to coparenting relationship quality. Yet less is known about how indices of parental personality, beliefs, and mental health symptoms relate to coparenting perceptions among parents of preschoolers. This study examines direct and indirect paths connecting parents’ Big Five personality traits, fear of happiness, and depression and anxiety symptoms with perceived coparenting quality. Method Using an online survey design, 160 parents (81 mothers; 79 fathers) of preschoolers (age 2–5 years) completed the Ten-Item Inventory of Personality, Fear of Happiness Scale, Patient Health Questionnaire-4, and Coparenting Relationship Scale – Brief Form. Results Parental Emotional Stability negatively related to anxiety and depressive symptoms and to fear of happiness. Anxiety symptoms and fear of happiness directly, and negatively, related to coparenting quality. Emotional stability was indirectly, positively related to coparenting quality via lower levels of parental anxiety and fear of happiness. Although parental depressive symptoms were unrelated to coparenting quality, parents’ Openness to Experience and fear of happiness positively predicted depressive symptoms. Conclusion Findings suggest parents’ anxiety symptoms and fear of happiness may underlie the processes by which parental Emotional Stability relates to perceived coparenting quality among parents of preschoolers.