The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency established the maximum contaminant level limit for radon concentration in drinking water as 11.1 Bq L-1. A new device based on the bubbling method with a 290 mL sample bottle was designed for intermittent continuous measurement of water radon concentration. A STM32 is used to control the switch of the water pump and the valves. The Water-Radon-Measurement software written in C# is to connect RAD7 and calculate the water radon concentration automatically.

Transmission pipelines are vital arteries in the petroleum industry, as the survival of this system depends on maintaining the capability of transferring fluid through the pipelines. In petroleum industry, transfer system faults lead to significant economic and social consequences and sometimes may produce critical situations. Transmission pipelines connect all systems, and any defect in their functions adversely affects other systems directly or indirectly. Small quantities of sand particles in transmission pipelines in petroleum industries can cause significant damage to pipes or installations such as valves. Therefore, the detection of these solid particles in oil or gas pipelines is essential. To prevent the costly consequences of passing sand particles through pipelines, early detection of these particles has a crucial impact on equipment lifetime and availability. There are some techniques for the detection of sand particles in the pipelines. Among applicable methods, photon radiography can be applied as an inspection technique along with other methods, or in some cases, where conventional inspection tools cannot be used. The high velocity of solid particles inside the pipeline leads to the destruction of any measuring device that is placed inside it. In addition, the pressure drop due to the placement of the measuring devices inside the pipeline has negative effects on the fluid transfer capacity of the pipe, which ultimately leading adverse economic consequences. In this paper, photon radiography as an in-situ, non-destructive, and online method for detecting sand particles flowing through the pipelines with oil, gas, or brine was studied. Simulation based on the Monte Carlo calculation was applied to evaluate the impact of this technique on sand particle detection in a pipeline. Obtained results showed that radiography, as a reliable, fast, and non-destructive method, could detect solid particles in transmitting pipelines.

Cancer has become one of the major diseases that seriously threaten human health. In order to improve the therapeutic gain ratio (TGF) of conventional X-ray and electron beams, we studied the dose enhancement effect and secondary electrons emission of Au-Fe nanoparticle heterostructures by Monte Carlo method. Under the irradiation of 6 MeV photon and 6 MeV electron beams, the Au-Fe mixture has a dose enhancement effect. For this reason, we explored the secondary electrons production that leads to dose enhancement. For 6 MeV electron beam irradiation, Au-Fe nanoparticle heterojunctions have an higher electrons emission than Au and Fe nanoparticles. When cubic, spherical and cylindrical heterogeneous structures are considered, the electron emission of the columnar Au-Fe nanoparticles is the highest, with a maximum value of 0.00024. For 6 MV X-ray beam irradiation, Au nanoparticle and Au-Fe nanoparticle heterojunction have similar electrons emission, while Fe nanoparticle has the lowest one. When cubic, spherical and cylindrical heterogeneous structures are considered, the electron emission of the columnar Au-Fe nanoparticles is the highest, with a maximum value of 0.000118. This study contributes to improve the tumor-killing effect of conventional X-ray radiotherapy treatment and has guiding significance for the research of new nanoparticles.

Oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) comprises a group of various malignant tumours that grow in the throat, larynx, mouth, sinuses, and nose. THE RESEARCH AIMS: to investigate the performance of the OPC VMAT model by comparison to clinical plans in terms of dosimetric parameters and normal tissue complication probabilities.Tune the model which at least matches the performance of clinical created photon treatment plans and analyse and find the most appropriate strategic plan scheme for OPC.The machine learning (ML) plans are compared to the reference plans (clinical plans) based on dose constraints and target coverage. VMAT oropharynx ML model of Raystation development 11B version (non-clinical) was used. A model was trained by using different modalities. A different strategy of machine learning and clinical plans was performed for five patients. The dose Prescribed for OPC is 70 Gy, 2 Gy per fraction (2Gy/Fx). The PTV was derived for the primary tumour and secondary tumour, PTV+7000 cGy and PTV_5425 cGy volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) were used with beams performing a full 360° rotation around the single isocenter.Organs at risk were observed that the volume of L-Eye in clinical plan (AF) for the case1 treatment planning could be successfully used ensuring efficiency and lower than MLVMAT and MLVMAT-org plans were 372 cGy, 697 cGy and 667 cGy respectively, while showed case2, case3, case4 and case5 are better to protect the critical organs in ML plan compare with a clinical plan. DHI for the PTV-7000 and PTV-5425 is between 1 and 1.34, While DCI for PTV-7000 and PTV-5425 is between 0.98 and 1.

A domestic supply chain to produce 238Pu fuel for radioisotope thermoelectric generators is critical for enabling future space exploration. A multi-laboratory effort has worked to establish a common target design to efficiently produce 238Pu in two research reactors. This approach ensures that the annual production goals set forth by NASA are met, while also establishing redundant production capabilities. This paper describes the effort to develop the common target design as well as considerations for future applications for the irradiation platform.

Radiation protection is crucial for the safe utilization of ionizing radiation and minimizing the harmful effect upon exposure, hence some standards have been defined by some relevant organizations for the safe uses of radiation. One of the parameters relevant to the calculation of gamma ray shielding is the half-value layer (HVL), which is normally calculated using the knowledge of linear attenuation coefficient (μ). In this research, an attempt has been made to directly calculate HVL without the knowledge of μ via Monte Carlo simulation technique. For this purpose, in the Monte Carlo N‐Particle eXtended (MCNPX) code, F1, F5 and Mesh Popul sequences tallies were defined and the optimal structure for the least measurement error was introduced. The MCNPX calculated values showed reasonable agreement with the experimental findings. According to the obtained results, it is suggested that in order to reduce the error of HVL calculations, in exchange for the MCNPX code, the values of the R parameter and the radiation angle of the source should be considered according to the calculations introduced in this plan. Because the results show that by considering the measurement error between 6 and 20%, the code output can be cited in different energy ranges.

In the present work, the Doppler Shift Attenuation method (DSAM) was used to analyze the observed lineshapes of transitions from excited states in 45Sc, populated in the reaction 36Ar + 12C at a beam energy of 145 MeV. The interpretation and comparison of the experimental results have been performed with large-scale shell model calculations, involving different interactions like: GX1A, GX1J, FPD6, KB3 and ZBM2. KB3 and FPD6 (present work) interactions in the negative parity states, and in positive parity states ZBM2 are most pre-eminent in reproducing the results, due to the large configuration space describing strong collective effects. Furthermore, the present work also looks at the details of the shell model helping in improving the understanding for the occupancy of orbitals. The present investigation suggests the observation of stronger collectivity for positive parity states over negative parity states with predicted enhanced collectivity of states in 45Sc nucleus.

This work reports for the first time on the thermoluminescence (TL) and persistent luminescence (PLu) characterization of BaZrO3 synthesized through solid state reaction. X-Ray diffraction confirmed the crystalline structure of the synthesized phosphors. The characteristic glow curves of the synthesized samples exhibit TL maxima located at 85 and 165 °C, whose fading after radiation exposure gives rise to intense PLu. PLu decay curves were recorded after beta particle irradiation in the dose range from 1.0 up to 1024 Gy. Both TL and PLu exhibit remarkable reproducibility. The integrated persistent luminescence (IPLu) as a function of the irradiation dose exhibits a linear dependence in the 1.0–16 Gy dose range, followed by a sublinear behavior from 16 to 128 Gy. From the experimental evidence here presented, it is concluded that solid state synthesized BaZrO3 is an interesting phosphor material to be implemented as a PLu-based detector and dosimeter.