Context: Preconception folic acid intake is necessary for optimal embryogenesis. Using the health belief model is excellent to improve the young women's belief towards recommended healthy behaviors of taking folic acid.
 Aim: The study aimed to examine the effect of the health belief model on nursing students' perception of the benefits of pre-conceptional folic acid intake.
 Methods: A quasi-experimental design (pre-posttest) was used. The research was conducted at the Faculty of Nursing, Benha University on a purposive sample of (120) 4th-year female nursing students. Two tools of data collection were used. They are a self-administrated questionnaire and a Health Belief Model Scale.
 Results: There was a highly statistically significant difference concerning all items of nursing students' knowledge regarding pre conceptional folic acid intake pre and post-program (P ≤ 0.001). Furthermore, the mean total score of the health belief model subscales post-preventive program is significantly higher than a pre-preventive program (P ≤ 0.001). Meanwhile, the mean score of perceived barriers post-preventive program is significantly lower than a pre-preventive program (P ≤ 0.001).
 Conclusion: The health belief model improved nursing students' perception of pre-conceptional folic acid intake benefits. The study recommended applying the health belief model for all female university students as preventive behavior toward the benefits of pre-conceptional folic acid intake.

Abstract Background: To explore the effects of continuous nursing based on the health belief model on the rehabilitation of patients undergoing anterior rectal resection and preventive colostomy. Methods: From September 2020 to October 2021, 80 patients who met the inclusion criteria for preventive enterostomy were randomly divided into the observation and control groups. Patients in both groups were followed up for 3 months after discharge from the hospital. The control group was given routine follow-ups, and the observation group was given continuous nursing intervention under the guidance of the health belief model. Adaptability to colostomy, colostomy self-efficacy, colostomy complications, quality of life after colostomy, and defecation control ability after colostomy were observed in the two groups. Results: There were no significant differences in sex, age, tumor stage, tumor location, or educational level between the two groups (P > 0.05). Three months after intervention, colostomy adaptability and colostomy self-efficacy scores in the observation group were higher than those in the control group (132.38±8.33 and 101.26±9.4, respectively). The quality of life scores after colostomy in the observation group were higher than those in the control group at 1 month (49.2±6.99) and 3 months (59.85±5.16) after discharge, and the incidence of postoperative complications in the observation group was 20% lower than that in the control group (P < 0.05). The scores of defecation control ability at 1 month (21.25±11.05) and 3 months (17.475±9.808) after colostomy in the observation group were lower than those in the control group (P< 0.05). Conclusion: Continuous nursing interventions based on the health belief model can improve colostomy adaptability, colostomy self-efficacy, quality of life, and defecation function after colostomy in patients with rectal cancer undergoing anterior rectal resection with prophylactic colostomy.

Objective To explore the effects of nursing based on health belief model on respiratory function exercise compliance and respiratory function among lung cancer patients. Methods From September 2017 to August 2018, we selected 84 lung cancer patients planed surgery at the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University as subjects by convenience sampling. All of patients were divided into two groups according to admission time, 40 cases in control group (from September 2017 to February 2018) and 44 in experimental group (from March to August 2018) . Control group carried out routine nursing and health education. On the basis of that, experimental group implemented nursing care based on health belief model. Respiratory function of patients between two groups after surgery was compared with the percentage of predicted value of forced expiratory volume in one second shared by forced vital capacity (FEV1%) and percentage of predicted value of forced vital capacity (FVC%) ; respiratory function exercise compliance after surgery was compared with the Breathing Exercise Compliance Questionnaire. Results One week after surgery, the scores of respiratory function exercise compliance of patients in experimental group and control group were (42.1±8.4) and (36.8±10.2) with a statistical difference (t=-2.609, P<0.05) ; the FEV1% and FVC% of patients in experimental group were (63.8±12.1) and (57.5±11.3) , higher than those in control group with statistical differences (t=-2.167, -2.617; P<0.05) . Conclusions Nursing based on health belief model can improve respiratory function exercise compliance and respiratory function among lung cancer patients, which is worthy of clinical popularization. Key words: Lung neoplasms; Respiratory function exercise; Compliance; Respiratory function; Health belief

■ This article critically evaluates the health belief model in relation to children's nursing practice ■ The influence of such diverse issues as sickness behaviours, developmental differences, cultural and socio-economic status are considered ■ The health belief model is a useful means of trying to understand chronically sick children's attitudes to treatment ■ Knowledge of family health beliefs may help to develop health promotion programmes that foster position beliefs

Objectives — This study aimed to examine factors associated with preventive behaviors of COVID-19 among Indonesian nursing students through The Health Belief Model. Material and Methods — A cross-sectional design was used in this study. This study was conducted in a school of nursing in Malang, Indonesia. A total of 112 undergraduate nursing students were recruited using convenience sampling. Data were collected by online-based questionnaires which were the demographic characteristics, questions about health belief model constructs, and questions about the preventive behaviors from COVID–19 during July 2020. Pearson product-moment was used to analyze the data. Results — This study found that cues to action have positive and significant correlation to preventive behavior of Covid-19. Perceive self-efficacy and perceive benefit have positive and significant correlation to cues to action. Furthermore, perceive self-efficacy also has positive correlation to perceive severity, perceive benefit, and has negative correlation to perceive barrier. Perceive benefit has negative correlation to perceive barrier. Conclusion — Cues to action was related to preventive behavior of Covid-19 among nursing student in this study. Therefore, the nursing student should improve their action in preventive behavior of COVID-19.

This article presents an introduction to the Health Belief Model (HBM). The HBM states that the perception of a personal health behavior threat is influenced by at least three factors: general health values, interest and concern about health; specific beliefs about vulnerability to a particular health threat; and beliefs about the consequences of the health problem. Once an individual perceives a threat to his health and is simultaneously cued to action, if his perceived benefits outweighs his perceived costs, then the individual is most likely to undertake the recommended preventive health action. Key words: health promotion, health belief model, perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, cues to action, self-efficacy. Content available only in Romanian.

Background: Breast cancer is a global health emergency and it is the principal reason of cancer related deaths in Developing Countries owing to the prevailing cultural beliefs and lack of awareness among women. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of health belief model-based education about breast cancer on nursing students' knowledge, health beliefs and breast self-examination practice.Subjects and Methods: A quasi-experimental design was utilized. Setting: The study was conducted at the Faculty of Nursing, Benha University, Benha city. A purposive sample of 104 nursing students were included in the study and divided into a study group (52) and control group (52). Three tools were used for data collection; first tool: self-administrated questionnaire to collect data about the subjects' socio-demographic characteristics, and knowledge regarding breast cancer. Second tool: the health belief model scale. Third tool: an observation checklist to assess the nursing students' practice of breast self-examination.Results: A statistically significant differences were observed between the study and control groups regarding knowledge about breast cancer after educational intervention based on health belief model (t test = 19.53, P=0.000). The mean scores of perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits, cues for action, self-efficacy and total heath belief model were significantly higher in the study group compared to control group (P = 0.000). Moreover a statistically significant difference was observed between both groups regarding breast self-examination practice after educational intervention (t test = 31.266, P= 0.000).Conclusion and recommendation: The health belief model based education is an effective and efficient manner in enhancing girls’ breast self-examination practice and improving their knowledge level and health beliefs about breast cancer. Thus the current study recommends implementing health belief model based educational intervention about breast cancer at different stages of life and settings to reach all targeted women to fight the disease.

Objective To explore the effect of health belief model as a framework for nursing intervention on life quality of congenital heart disease children with interventional therapy.Methods Sixty congenital heart disease children with interventional therapy were randomly divided into the observation group and the control group,each with 30 cases.The control group received the routine health education in the department of cardiology,and the observation group received the health belief model as a framework for nursing intervention on the basis of the control group.The effectiveness of intervention was evaluated by the pediatric quality of life inventory TM 3.0 cardiac module (PedsQLTM3.0 cardiac module) before,the first and third month after the interventional therapy.Results The scores of PedsQLTM3.0 cardiac module,the treatment of anxiety and commutation were respectively (71.74 ± 2.35),(75.00 ± 6.08),(68.12 ± 5.52) in the observation group,and were higher than (68.60 ± 2.69),(70.54 ± 7.53),(57.58 ± 6.35) in the control group,and the differences were statistically significant (F =7.581,11.080,32.459,respectively; P ＜ 0.05).Theinteraction between time and intervention programs displayed that the cognitive dimension was affected by the interaction,and the difference was statistically significant (F =28.225,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions The interventional therapy can improve the life quality of children with congenital heart disease.Compared with the routine health education in the Department of Cardiology,the health belief model as a framework for nursing intervention can improve the life quality of congenital heart disease children with interventional therapy and should be widely applied in clinical practice. Key words: Congenital heart disease; Children; Interventional therapy; Quality of life; Health belief model; Nursing intervention

Associations between health belief model constructs and engagement in COVID-19 preventive practices were examined in a population of 234 nursing students. Most (93 percent/68 percent, respectively) reported occasionally/frequently performing 6-feet physical distancing and wearing face masks/covering in public. Among health belief model constructs, perceived benefits were significantly associated with practicing physical distancing; perceived barriers were associated with lower likelihood. Perceived self-efficacy was associated with a greater likelihood of wearing face masks/covering in public. Nursing students should be provided timely and relevant information on preventive measures based on the recognition of different risk appraisals among students.

The health care system is in a state of crisis, and nursing is in a unique position to influence the decisions that are made regarding health care reform. However, without transforming our ways of knowing and being, the changes that are needed to meet the challenges of the future may not become a reality. Nursing theory, research, and practice reflect the historical, social, and political ideologies of western tradition. Consequently, the knowledge gained from the majority of nursing research has primarily developed from an empiricism or logical positivist philosophy. The underlying assumption of this school of thought is that only empirically quantifiable and measurable matters yield the truth, suggesting that there is only one reality. Because one cannot be socially critical as an empiricist, nurse educators have begun to question the adequacy of the empiricist philosophy and method of research for meeting changing societal demands. Social behavioral theories in general and the Health Belief Model in particular have frequently guided nursing research in an attempt to increase knowledge of health-related behaviors. Too often these theories have done little to increase our knowledge of women and people of color. For the most part, they have contributed to the oppression of individuals and groups. A critical feminist perspective can be useful in the understanding of health practices that are based on contextual knowledge. The purpose of this article is to increase awareness and understanding of the underlying assumptions, constraints, and contradictions that are embedded within social behavioral theories such as the Health Belief Model.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)