Guidelines for management of abnormal cervical cancer screening results have increased in complexity over the past two decades. Little is known about how patient-, clinician-, and organization-level factors influence implementation when guidelines change. Process mapping may offer insights into organizational processes and facilitate visualization for potential intervention opportunities. We conducted an iterative multimodal qualitative assessment to compare abnormal cervical cancer screening management between two health systems: a safety-net institution and an integrated health system. We interviewed clinicians and staff to generate (phase I, May 2019-March 2021) and validate (phase II, July-Oct 2022) process maps at both systems. We conducted a rapid and thematic content analysis and engaged clinical and nonclinical stakeholders during interpretation. At both health systems, process maps informed by phase I participants (n = 31) identified a gap in care during patients' transition back to primary care following resolution of abnormal tests by gynecologists. In phase II, participants (n = 21) validated and revised maps, noting guideline updates and quality improvement initiatives. Although each system deployed unique strategies to address gaps in care, strategies in common included creating electronic health record-based clinical decision support tools, enabling gynecologists to provide real-time e-consults to primary care clinicians, and engaging patients via the portal. The complexity of cervical cancer screening management guidelines elevates the importance of identifying system-level tools to support clinician decision-making and coordinate between primary and specialty care teams. Process maps are valuable in generating cross-system comparisons by documenting clinical workflows, identifying care gaps, and engaging participants in formulating potential interventions.

Introduction: Nanomaterials, especially their biocompatibilities and toxicities, have not been studied and their integration in real applications is still limited. Methods: This paper addresses this gap by focusing on the development of antibacterial nanomaterials by combining flake/spinal ZnO nanostructures with organic antibacterial agents (menthol, chitosan, and triclosan). We systematically study their biocompatibility and toxicity, intending to apply them practically on fabric surfaces. Results: Based on the known photocatalytic and antibacterial properties of ZnO, our hypothesis suggests that the unique flake/spine ZnO nanostructures can further improve the antibacterial efficacy through induced mechanistic approaches. The synergistic effect achieved by combining ZnO with menthol, chitosan, and triclosan improves the overall bactericidal ability. XRD, XRF, FTIR, SEM, and UV-visible spectroscopy are used to characterize the nanocomposites. The antibacterial properties of the modified fabrics are tested using standard spread plate techniques. Biocompatibility and toxicity studies using a mouse model provide a comprehensive picture of the safety profile. Conclusion: This work advances the understanding of antibacterial nanomaterials, and paves the way for their wider manufacturing and practical use in textiles, meeting the industrial needs of antimicrobial clothing and wound dressings.