The carotid-carvenous fistula is a specific type of arteriovenous connection at the cavernous sinus which causes series of serious ophthalmologic problems. In this article is described the symptoms, the treatment ( open or endovascular) and the etiology of CCF. Also is mentioned to the types of CCF according with the blood flow and to the Barrow anatomical classification.

Background: Patient satisfaction as one of the indicators of patient centered care, has taken a central point in the management of chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus. Aim/objectives: This study aimed to assess perceived patient satisfaction and glycaemic control among adult diabetics attending the General Out-Patient Clinic. Methodology: This was a cross-sectional study conducted between September 2021 and November 2021 involving 134 adult diabetic patients selected by systematic random sampling. Data was collected by interviewer administered questionnaire. Height, weight, blood pressure measurements and fasting blood glucose assay were done. Data was analyzed with the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25. Analysis was done at the 5% level of significance with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: A larger population (81) of the participants were females representing 60.4%. The mean age of the patients was 51.82 ± 12.19 years. The level of perceived patient satisfaction and glycaemic control were 88% and 37.3% respectively. Blood pressure status was the only independent predictor for patient satisfaction. Ethnicity, level of education, occupation and average monthly income showed statistically significant relationship with glycaemic control. Furthermore, comorbidity, perceived patient satisfaction, medication adherence, BMI and blood pressure status also showed statistically significant association with glycaemic control. Conclusion: Less than 40% of participants achieved good glycaemic control despite high level of perceived patient satisfaction (88%) in this study.

Sepsis-associated acute kidney injury (S-AKI) presents significant clinical challenges, necessitating deeper insights into its molecular mechanisms. We conducted a comprehensive analysis—including Principal Component Analysis (PCA), differential gene expression, KEGG pathway enrichment, and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA)—to elucidate the underlying pathways involved in S-AKI. PCA revealed distinct clustering between S-AKI patients and controls, with differential gene expression identifying 1,759 significant genes (912 upregulated, 847 downregulated). Notable upregulated genes included CYP19A1 and LY6G6F, while downregulated genes encompassed LRP1B and SIGLEC8. KEGG analysis highlighted pathways related to adaptive immune responses and infection, such as “Th1 and Th2 cell differentiation" and "Primary immunodeficiency.” GSEA pinpointed "Neutrophil extracellular trap formation" as the most significantly enriched pathway, underscoring neutrophil-mediated responses in S-AKI. Our findings suggest potential molecular targets for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention, providing a foundation for future research and improved clinical outcomes.

This study evaluated the effect of ethanolic extract of Citrus sinensis peel on mercury chloride-induced changes in the prefrontal cortex of adult Wistar rats. Twenty-five Wistar rats were purchased and divided into five groups containing five animals in each group. Group 1 was administered with distilled water, Group 2, Group 3, Group 4, and Group 5 were administered with 5 mg/kg of mercury chloride only, 5 mg/kg of mercury chloride and 140 mg/kg Silymarin, 5 mg/kg mercury chloride and 1000 mg/kg of ethanoic extract of orange peel, and 5 mg/kg mercury chloride and 1500 mg/kg of ethanoic extract of orange peel. All administration was done orally and the administration lasted for 14 days. The animals were sacrificed humanely using 75 mg/kg ketamine intraperitoneally and prefrontal was dissected out. Part was homogenized in 0.1M phosphate buffered saline for the estimation of superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) activities, and Malondialdehyde (MDA) level and the other part was fixed by immersion in 10 neutral buffered formal-saline for histological evaluation. The chemical structure of sixteen compounds from Citrus sinensis peel obtained from GC-MS analysis reported in the literature were retrieved from the PubChem compound database and the crystal structure of human peroxisome proliferator- activated receptor gamma (PPARγ; PDB:ID: 2P4Y) reported to increase the expression of catalase gene, human extracellular copper-zinc superoxide dismutase enzyme (PDB ID: 2JLP) and mammalian 15-lipoxygenase - 1 enzyme (PDB ID: 2P0M) responsible for the production of lipid peroxidation were retrieved from the PDB database. Ligands and protein preparation, docking and MM-GBSA relative binding free energy calculation were done in Maestro 2023.1. Data obtained was analyzed using the IBM SPSS (version 25) using one-way ANOVA and p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The results indicate that the MDA level in control Group(13.29±1.183 μmol) is statistically significantly lower compared to the Group 2 (21.88±1.96 μmol), group 3 (27.44±3.52 μmol), Group 4 (22.20±1.16 μmol) and Group 5 (25.40±3.13 μmol). No statistically significant difference was observed in SOD activity. The CAT activities in control group (53.51±6.83 nmol/ml) was statistically significantly lower compared to the group 2 (26.21±3.70 nmol/ml), Group 3 (27.17±5.32 nmol/ml), Group 4 (25.30±4.24 nmol/ml) and Group5 (26.59±4.22 nmol/ml).The present study suggests, ethanolic extract of Citrus sinensis peel have protective effects on mercury-induced changes in prelimbic part of the prefrontal cortex of adult Wistar rats.

Stroke is a medical emergency caused by a blockage or rupture in the blood vessels that supply blood to the brain. This prevents brain tissue from receiving oxygen, leading to the death of brain cells within minutes and causing neurological damage, disability, or death. Aim: The aim of the present study was to assess baseline knowledge regarding stroke risk factors, symptoms, treatment, and information resources. The “golden hour” is a time span of 60 minutes or less after stroke symptoms begin. There are two types of stroke, namely ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. Ischemic stroke is further divided into thrombotic and embolic stroke. Hemorrhagic stroke is further divided into intracerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage. Methods: The research method used in the study is a quantitative research approach. Purposive sampling techniques were used and 1050 participants were assessed The questionnaire consists of demographic details such as department, level of education, family history, and knowledge questions based on risk factors and management. Results: This study comprises 1040 patients who fulfill the inclusion criteria. The survey assessed the knowledge of risk factors and warning signs of stroke among future healthcare professionals (pharmacy, nursing, and AHS). The current findings reported that 51.8% of the paramedical students had knowledge about stroke, while the majority of them reported poor knowledge overall. The findings identified that 57.4% of the student population were knowledgeable about risk factors, 69.9% were knowledgeable about warning signs, and 51.8% were knowledgeable about management. These results were similar to many previous studies conducted around the world. Conclusion: Better knowledge about stroke, recognizing the risk factors, and being able to provide immediate management are essential for paramedical students. This is crucial for reducing stroke incidence and improving survival rates of patients by providing better medical help through early detection, rapid intervention, and better long-term health outcomes not only in a medical setup but also in their respective environments.

Background: Menopause is defined as the period of time when ovarian function stops, resulting in permanent amenorrhea, or as the cessation of periods for a period of time equal to three prior cycles. Materials and Methods: A descriptive study conducted among 100 menopausal women, by using The Menopause-specific Quality of Life (MENQOL) Questionnaire, The data is collected by administering a semi structured socio-demographic proforma, residing at rural area in cherkady village of udupi district. Results: The data in Table 1 depicts the majority of the menopausal women 30 (30%) were in the age group of (46 to 50) years. The maximum percentage of the menopausal women 100(100%) were married. The maximum percentage of the menopausal women 62(62%) belong to the Hindu religion. The majority of the menopausal women with educational status 66(66%) were primary (1st std-7th std). Regarding the menopausal women occupation status 100 (100%) were unskilled workers. The majority of the menopausal women with educational status of husband 70(70%) were primary (1st std-7th std). Regarding the menopausal women occupation status of husband 55(55%) were semi-skilled worker. The majority of the primigravida women with place of residence 100(100%) were from rural area. Regarding the menopausal women type of family 53(53%) belonged to nuclear family. The highest percentage of menopausal women 100 (100%) had a monthly income ranging from Rs.2391-7101.A maximum of 34 (34%) attained menarche at the age of 12 years and 49(49%) of them were of61-70 kg weight. A maximum of menopausal women 100(100%) were doing exercise twice a week. About the majority of 99(99%) menopausal women were anemic. About the majority of 88(88%) menopausal women perceived adequate social support. None of them had habit of smoking and alcoholism.

Gemcitabine is a pyrimidine antimetabolite that affects DNA synthesis in the S-phase of the cell cycle. It is effective against cancers such as ovarian carcinoma, non-small cell lung cancer, and pancreatic cancer. However it causes significant side effects like myelosuppression, which leads to thrombocytopenia in about 71% of patients, prompting discontinuation of therapy. Even though thrombocytopenia is common, some patients experience thrombocytosis during Gemcitabine therapy, especially in the second and third cycles, possibly due to a rebound effect. Thrombocytosis is usually asymptomatic and occasionally leads to venous thrombosis, but its clinical significance is uncertain because of conflicting studies. Further research is required to understand the physiology behind thrombocytosis in Gemcitabine-treated patients. Fluctuations between thrombocytosis and thrombocytopenia need to be closely monitored. Management for Gemcitabine-induced thrombocytosis can be improved if more comprehensive studies are undertaken to explore the role of thrombocytosis in cardiovascular events.

A study to find the effectiveness of structured teaching program on knowledge regarding menstrual blood banking among nursing student in a selected nursing college at Mangalore. The study surveyed 60 nursing students at New Mangala College of Nursing Mangalore, using a structured teaching program. The data was collected using a structured questionnaire and post-test. The results showed that 70% of students had no prior knowledge about menstrual blood banking, while 85% had average knowledge. The post-test knowledge score was higher than the pretest score, indicating that the structured teaching program effectively increased nursing students' knowledge on menstrual blood banking. The study found that the Structured Teaching Program significantly improved nursing students' knowledge about menstrual blood banking, despite their initial low structured scores.