Financial literacy presents a crucial skill that equips the youth with the ability to make rational financial decisions, resource management as well as attaining a sustained economic independence. This paper aims to analyze the major sources of financial literacy in Assam among college going students and the Sonitpur District particularly- a place that has both socio-economic diversity and under reaches in the institutional financial connections. With the aid of descriptive-analytical research method, the investigation obtained the results based on primary data acquired through the application of structured questionnaires to 100 students in five colleges. The survey was able to capture various demographic, socio-economic and institutional factors such as the age, gender, parental education, family income, academic discipline, and accessibility to financial education programs. A statistical test of multiple regression indicates that the variables with the strongest influences on predicting financial literacy are parental education (β= 0.42, p less than 0.01), family income (β= 0.36, p less than 0.01), and institutional exposure (β= 0.31, p less than 0.05). There is also significant interaction of gender (β = 0.21, p < 0.05) and academic discipline (β = 0.29, p < 0.05) where male students and students of commerce mostly pass financial literacy test questions. The explanatory power of the regression model would be strong since it explains 62 percent of the winning across the scores of financial literacies (R2 = 0.62). These results are indicative of the fact that serious interventions are urgently required particularly in the cases of students with low-income groups, non- commerce streams and female students. The research prescribes the implementation of financial training in academic field, improved institutional outreach and engagement of the family in learning. The findings are instructive to educators, policy-makers, and financial company leaders, hoping to foster financial literacy among rural and semi-urban schooling institutions. Keywords: Financial literacy, determinants, regression analysis, socio-economic factors, college students.

Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease that leads to progressive destruction of periodontal tissues and eventual tooth loss, significantly affecting the patient's quality of life. Dysregulated mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling contributes to periodontitis pathogenesis by influencing inflammation, autophagy, senescence, and bone metabolism. Rapamycin, a well-established mTOR inhibitor with geroprotective properties, has emerged as a promising therapeutic candidate in mitigating periodontal inflammation and preserving alveolar bone. This scoping review systematically synthesizes preclinical and clinical evidence on rapamycin's effects on periodontal structures and disease etiopathogenesis, evaluating its potential as a therapeutic intervention for periodontitis. A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed to identify studies evaluating rapamycin's effect on periodontal health. Eligible studies were characterized into in vitro, animal, and clinical studies in terms of study design and research focus. From 122 screened studies, 53 met inclusion criteria (18 in vitro, 21 in vivo, and 9 clinical). In vitro studies demonstrated that rapamycin enhances osteogenic differentiation, upregulates autophagy, suppresses inflammatory cytokines, and delays cellular senescence. Animal studies confirmed rapamycin's role in alveolar bone preservation, inhibition of biofilm formation, immune modulation, and periodontal inflammation attenuation. Clinical studies primarily focused on rapamycin's effects on gingival overgrowth in transplant recipients, with limited data on periodontitis outcomes. However, survey data from off-label rapamycin users reported improved periodontal health and reduced caries. Rapamycin exerts a multifaceted role in periodontal health by regulating autophagy, osteogenesis, inflammation, microbial composition, and cellular senescence. Given the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's approval of rapamycin for other conditions, well-designed clinical trials are needed to establish its efficacy, optimize dosing strategies, and ensure long-term safety for periodontal therapy.Knowledge Transfer Statement:The findings highlighted in this scoping review can help researchers understand the potentially mechanistic pathways of rapamycin on periodontal tissues and guide future research on the therapeutic potential of rapamycin for the treatment of periodontitis.

This chapter highlights the transformative potential of bioprocessing and biomanufacturing as central forces in biotechnology, ecology, and medicine. Bioprocessing is the foundation of modern biotechnology because it actively employs biological systems to produce valuable compounds while simultaneously addressing urgent global challenges. Through carefully designed processes, bioprocessing mitigates climate change, strengthens ecosystem resilience, and responds to the escalating demands of global population growth by enabling sustainable production of food, medicines, and renewable energy. Emphasize that bioprocessing not only creates bio-based products but also reshapes industrial practices by reducing dependence on fossil resources and promoting environmentally responsible alternatives demonstrate that bioprocessing and biomanufacturing serve as vital engines of innovation in biotechnology, ecology, and medicine.

BackgroundEconomic inequality negatively affects population health by increasing social violence, discrimination, and reduced social trust, while also limiting equitable access to healthcare services. Given these challenges, the present study aims to measure socioeconomic inequality in health outcomes among the elderly population in the Bankura district.MethodsThe present study was conducted using a cross-sectional survey with a multi-stage random sampling design among elderly individuals in the Bankura district of West Bengal. The total sample size for the study was 480. To measure socioeconomic inequality in health outcomes, the Concentration Index (CI) and Concentration Curve (CC) were applied. Additionally, the regression-based Wagstaff decomposition method of the Concentration Index was used to identify factors associated with health inequality and their relative contributions.ResultsThe study findings indicate that 91% of elderly individuals suffer from at least one chronic disease. The Concentration Index values suggest that cholesterol (CI = 0.40), diabetes (CI = 0.29), and hypertension (CI = 0.04) were more concentrated among the wealthier population, whereas bone diseases (CI = -0.11), lung diseases (CI = -0.24), and heart diseases (CI = -0.04) were more prevalent among the poorer population. The decomposition analysis revealed that non-vegetarian food preference (64.5%), being poor (15.4%), smoking (13.2%), alcohol consumption (26.2%), and older age (60 years and above, 3.8%) were the major contributing factors to pro-rich inequality in chronic disease prevalence. Furthermore, the probit regression model indicated that the likelihood of chronic disease increased with age (coefficient = 0.82), being alone (coefficient = 0.32), alcohol consumption (coefficient = 0.37), and smoking (coefficient = 0.21).ConclusionThe study reveals that health inequality was more pronounced among economically disadvantaged individuals due to low levels of education and engagement in unhealthy, risky behaviors. Policymakers should focus on improving health-related infrastructure in rural areas, particularly for the oldest-old population.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-025-23126-z.

Experimentation with socialist and capitalist forms of the economy has resulted in limited notions of inclusive growth and holistic development. In the current state of global economic affairs, no country can act as the sole provider of all the expectations and aspirations of its countrymen from its limited fiscal health. It is evident that new entrepreneurial ventures are evolving as start-ups or unicorns that are ideally built on a knowledge-driven economy. Start-ups create new-generation products or services that essentially elevate the quality of life and, in the process, generate employment opportunities for young brigades of a state. High-income countries accelerate economic growth by reinforcing a strong entrepreneurial society. A highly populous and transforming economy such as India is expected to foster start-up ecosystems to incubate numerous transformative and sustainable unicorns. This study explores the competitive positioning of Indian start-up ecosystems and the prescriptions of policy reforms for India, consistent with global yardsticks.

ABSTRACT Bitter compounds, namely naringin and limonin restrict commercialization of citrus juices including pomelo (Citrus maxima). In this study, we endeavored to suppress the sensorial bitterness in pomelo beverage by synergistically applying carbonation, temperature, and sweetening. A 14-member screened panel was trained. A central composite face centered design optimization revealed that a formulation comprising 18% juice and 7 g/l carbonation served at 4°C resulted in maximal bitterness suppression (~60%) with heightened flavor and aroma. Principal component analysis showed superior impact of carbonation. To address residual bitterness, sucrose, sucralose, aspartame and stevia at similar sweetness scales were assessed. Sweetening at low to moderate concentrations improved perceived flavor and high concentrations masked nascent flavors, affecting overall acceptability. Aspartame and stevia imparted detrimental tastes. Fuzzy analysis clearly demonstrated superior organoleptic qualities of sucralose-sweetened beverages. Remarkable bitterness reduction of up to ~90% could be obtained by this novel, nondestructive, economic process.

We report the synthesis of NiFe2O4 NPs via the hydrothermal approach in the presence of PEG as a capping agent. The diffractometric and microscopic study confirms the formation of a mixture of nonuniform cube and spherical-shaped cubic crystalline NiFe2O4 NPs. PEG acts as a capping agent which controls the crystallite size of the formed particles but it does not have much influence on the size of the particles. The as-synthesized NiFe2O4 NPs exhibit superparamagnetic behavior and the presence of PEG does not affect the magnetic properties of the particles. The as-synthesized particles prove to be a highly efficient heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of functionalized pyrroles via a multi-component reaction under mild reaction conditions resulting in a 93% yield of the desired product in 2.0 h. The presence of PEG enhances the catalytic activities of the particles. The protocol facilitates the synthesis of a library of functionalized pyrroles with moderate to excellent yields. The catalyst exhibits remarkable recyclability up to six catalytic runs without considerable loss of catalytic activity. This developed protocol offers notable advantages over other reported methods in terms of short reaction time, high yield, simple work-up steps, a mild reaction methodology, broad substrate scope, and environmental friendliness.

This study investigates the prevalence of obesity and hypertension, along with associated risk factors, among the Nyishi tribe of Arunachal Pradesh. A cross-sectional study was performed involving 208 Nyishi adults (108 males, 100 females), aged 2050 years. The anthropometric measurements and blood pressure were measured in accordance with standard procedures. Statistical analyses, including Pearson correlation, binary logistic regression, and ROC curve, were performed. The nutritional statuses of the overweight and obese are 27.8% and 8.3% in males and 26% and 7% in females. In accordance with the waist circumference, waist-hip ratio, and waist-height ratio, 15.7% men and 63% women; 31.5% men and 79% women; and 27.8% men and 70% women of adult Nyishi are at risk for central obesity. Binary logistic regression underscored significant associations between hypertension and overweight, obesity, WC, WHtR, age, physical inactivity, smoking, alcohol consumption, anxiety, salt intake, pan use, and tobacco. Among males, inactivity (OR = 8.33) and alcohol consumption (OR = 6.04), and among females, tobacco use (OR = 7.41) and paan consumption (OR = 6.40) emerged as high-risk factors for hypertension. ROC curve analysis revealed that waist circumference exhibited the highest AUC (0.718) for males, while BMI had the highest AUC (0.708) for females. This indicates that Nyishi individuals, especially males with a waist circumference exceeding 80.50 cm and females with a BMI surpassing 22.75 kg/m2, face an elevated risk of developing hypertension. The research underscores the predictive significance of BMI and central obesity in the risk of hypertension. Thus, there is a pressing need to enhance public knowledge of the benefits of adopting a healthy lifestyle; mindfulness by itself can help with this problem.