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A Study on Evaluation of Concrete with Partial Replacement of Cement and Aggregate with Sustainable Materials

The rising concern over environmental sustainability has led to widespread research on sustainable replacements in the field of construction materials. This study evaluates the possibility of partially replacing conventional ordinary portland cement and aggregates in concrete with sustainable materials while preserving structural integrity and performance. Various alternative materials, as well as industrial by-products and replacements were assessed for their effects on mechanical properties such as compressive strength, tensile strength, and durability etc. various test are to be conducted by the author in this paper . The study employed a comparative investigation of different mix designs including sustainable materials to determine their suitability. Results indicated that certain replacements, such as fly ash, silica fume, and recycled aggregates exhibites admirable strength characteristics and environmental benefits. Additionally, we focusses on highlighting the role of IS codes in regulating material properties and construction practices. The author finds the potential for sustainable materials in concrete production along with reducing carbon emissions and resource depletion while maintaining structural performance and lifespan.

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Design, Development, and Evaluation of Lozenges: A Comprehensive Study

Lozenges are solid, flavored medicated dosage forms designed for slow dissolution in the oral cavity, offering both localized and systemic drug delivery. They provide a convenient alternative to conventional tablets and syrups, enhancing patient compliance, especially in pediatric and geriatric populations. This study focuses on the formulation and evaluation of medicated lozenges using different pharmaceutical excipients to optimize drug release, stability, and organoleptic properties. Lozenges were formulated using various base materials such as sucrose, sorbitol, and hydrocolloids, along with active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) targeting conditions like sore throat, cough, or fungal infections. The formulations were developed using the molding, compression, and heating methods to achieve desired characteristics. Excipients such as sweeteners, flavors, and binders were incorporated to enhance palatability and stability.The prepared lozenges were subjected to extensive evaluation, including hardness, friability, weight variation, drug content uniformity, dissolution profile, and stability studies. Results indicated that the optimized formulation exhibited adequate mechanical strength, uniform drug distribution, and a controlled release profile, making it suitable for therapeutic applications. The study concludes that lozenges provide an effective and patient-friendly drug delivery system, particularly beneficial for treating localized oral and throat infections. Further research can explore advanced formulation techniques and novel excipients to enhance the efficacy and patient acceptability of medicated lozenges.

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