This study explores public discourse surrounding the January 2025 California wildfires by analyzing high-engagement YouTube comments. Leveraging sentiment analysis, misinformation detection, and topic modeling, this research identifies dominant emotional tones, thematic patterns, and the prevalence of misinformation in discussions. The results show a predominantly neutral to positive sentiment, with notable emotional intensity in misinformation-related comments, which were rare but impactful. The thematic analysis highlights concerns about governance, environmental issues, and conspiracy theories, including water mismanagement and diversity-related critiques. These findings provide insights for crisis communication, policymaking, and misinformation management during disasters, emphasizing the importance of aligning strategies with public concerns.

The Banyo area, located in the southern prolongation of the Mayo Nolti shear zone trend, belongs to the western Cameroon domain of the Neoproterozoic Central African Belt (NCAB). It is made of granitic rocks that intrude metamorphic banded rocks. Both are sometimes mylonitized. The pluton is dominantly of paramagnetic behavior, as shown by the hysteresis loops and the Fe-bearing silicates crystals are the susceptibility carriers. AMS ellipsoids are dominantly of oblate shape, pointing to the importance of flattening during pluton emplacement. The anisotropy degree of magnetic susceptibility values (≤1.20) characterize the magmatic fabric flow. The microstructural study of the granite reveals magmatic, sub-magmatic, solid-state and mylonitic deformations. Field and AMS fabrics show evidence of polyphase deformation (D1–D3). The D1 phase is of flattening mechanism (flat-laying foliation). The D2 phase points to sinistral ductile simple shear accommodating moderate to steep dipping and N-S- to NW-SE-oriented foliations in plutonic and country rocks and conjugated E-W mylonitic foliation in country rocks bearing sub-horizontal- to moderate-plunge mineral stretching lineation. The D3 phase is of dextral ductile simple shear. σ- and δ-type kinematic markers in the pluton indicate sinistral top-to-south sense of shear movement, indicating a non-coaxial component of the tectonics. The magnetic fabrics of the pluton are parallel to those of the D2 deformation phase of the study area. The transpressive D2 and D3 events correlate with the D2 and D3 phases of the Pan-African tectonic dated at 613–585 Ma and 585–540 Ma, respectively. The pluton, then, emplaced during regional sinistral D2 deformation under transpressive regime. The emplacement of the NE Banyo granite took place as rock strips sheared in sinistral sense of shear movement.

Heterogeneous reservoirs are prevalent; otherwise, they are rare. The problem is detecting the degree of such heterogeneity, which has a significant impact on hydrocarbon production in oilfields. Several vertical heterogeneity measures were introduced to accomplish this task. The coefficient of variation (CV), the Dykstra–Parsons coefficient (VDP), and the Lorenz coefficient (LC) are the most common static vertical heterogeneity measures. This study aimed to review these heterogeneity measures, explained how the probability of the permeability distribution affects calculations of heterogeneity measures, explained how involving the porosity affects calculations, and explained how uncertainty in VDP values affects the estimation of cumulative oil production. In this study, 1022 plug core samples from seven wells in different sandstone reservoirs were used. The results reveal that the permeability is log-normally distributed; thus, the CV is calculated based on the variance only. The outliers have a significant effect on the values of the CV. The studied reservoirs are extremely heterogeneous, as evidenced by the VDP. The proposed straight line resulting from the Dykstra–Parsons plot is rarely encountered. Weighting the central points more than the points at the tails gives VDP values similar to those obtained from the data. An uncertainty in the VDP values could have a considerable effect on the calculations of the cumulative oil production. The study also shows that including porosity in the calculation of the LC leads to a decrease in the LC values. The magnitude of the decrease is contingent upon the degree of reservoir heterogeneity and the average porosity. Above LC > 0.7, the reservoir could be extremely heterogeneous.

The Ranchería River delta, located in Riohacha, Colombia, exemplifies the complex dynamics of coastal systems influenced by environmental and anthropogenic factors. This study analyzes the spatial and temporal evolution of the delta’s shoreline over the past two decades (2003–2023) using Google Earth imagery, the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) within a GIS environment, and statistical methods such as ANOVA and Tukey’s test. Satellite images from 2003 to 2023 were processed to evaluate shoreline evolution through metrics like the Net Shoreline Movement (NSM) and Linear Regression Rate (LRR). The results reveal a predominant trend of accretion, with values reaching up to 260 m of NSM, particularly between 2003 and 2018. However, the 2018–2023 period shows a shift toward stabilization and localized erosion (e.g., the NSM ranges from 96 m of erosion to 32 m of accretion), with significant changes in the northeastern area (the delta’s Santa Rita arm) attributed to anthropic and natural factors (e.g., absence of mangroves or ongoing human activities). The comparison of LRR and NSM values reveals consistent linearity in shoreline behavior across the study period, suggesting stable coastal processes during accretion-dominated phases and increased variability during recent erosion. Variability across zones highlights the role of natural barriers like mangroves in mitigating erosion. The findings underscore the importance of integrating long-term data with recent trends for shoreline management and emphasize adaptive strategies to conserve critical ecosystems while addressing the socio-economic needs of local communities.

During surface coal mining, vast amounts of overburden waste materials—called spoils—are excavated and dumped, forming massive heaps, the sustainable exploitation of which is a top priority globally. This study addresses the advanced geotechnical characterization of spoil materials, focusing on lignite mine spoil heaps, which are often ignored due to their highly heterogeneous nature. This research quantifies the spatial variability in spoil materials from a large heap in Greece, highlighting the importance of a robust geotechnical framework for their effective reclamation. Using statistical analysis and variogram modeling, the scale of fluctuation (SoF) was derived for both the vertical and horizontal directions. The SoF values for spoil properties are found to be on the high end of the natural soil range. Vertical correlations are observed for distances over 10 m, occasionally reaching 20 m, indicating significant spatial variability; in the horizontal direction, the SoF reaches up to 285 m. These findings suggest that spoil elements exhibit important spatial dependence, which is critical for their proper design and exploitation. The results provide a basis for future research and the use of advanced numerical tools, such as the random finite element method, to support geotechnical design and the sustainable exploitation of spoil heaps.

Following the abrupt geochemical and geophysical variations that occurred on the island of Vulcano in September 2021, the search for previous multidisciplinary data on decades-long time spans became necessary to contextualize the newly recorded anomalous variations, which represented a serious threat for the local population. Our analyses of ‘vintage’ reports, old documents and analogue seismograms, broaden our understanding of crustal seismic activity. The results unravel the predominant role of Vulcano’s hydrothermal system with respect to tectonic processes in the generation of seismicity in the analyzed sector. Earthquakes were generally located offshore and achieved a maximum M4.6. A 2D strain release map and DBSCAN application highlight seismogenic volumes to the NW, SW and E offshore of the island and trending NNW-SSE inshore, in agreement with structural patterns. Two major volcano unrests in 1985 and 1988 had seismicity mostly confined to the island. In comparison, the longer duration and typology of seismic signals recorded between 2021 and 2022 make this latest episode peculiar in the context of Vulcano’s past seismic activity.

This study presents the first direct cosmogenic 36Cl-based chronology of landscape evolution and ground deformation in the Ionian Islands, focusing on the Thinia Valley in northern Kefalonia, western Greece. At the Zola site, exposure ages indicate that the eastern limb of the associated anticline has undergone intermittent deformation since at least 34 ka, with ongoing exhumation still occurring today. Variability in erosion rates suggests a complex deformation history, with lower-elevation samples exhuming faster than those at higher elevations. The findings highlight the role of progressive landslide activity rather than a single catastrophic failure. The compression-induced asymmetry of the Zola anticline, along with regional seismicity, appears to control slope instability. The exposure ages at the SK site reveal a surface that reached steady-state long before 20 ka, with a uniform erosion rate of 47.72 ± 0.82 m·Ma−1, consistent with regional estimates. Additionally, a prehistoric earthquake—dated at 4.8 ± 0.14 ka—has been identified, with a planar surface exhumed in a single slip event. These findings emphasize the tectonic mobility of the region, with deformation processes persisting since the Middle Pleistocene. The results contribute to a broader understanding of fault-controlled slope instability and have direct implications for seismic hazard assessment in actively deforming terrains.

Accurate data collection and time series creation are crucial for understanding these changes. However, many areas lack reliable data due to geopolitical issues and government permissions. Urgent action is needed for sustainable water management. This study uses Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) data to analyze monthly fluctuations in groundwater storage in the Missan region of Iraq from January 2022 to December 2023, using Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) mascon, Jet Propulsion Laboratory Downscaled (JPL_D), and Catchment Land Surface Model (CLSM). This study revealed the variability in GWS over the area using RS data and in integration with available monitoring wells. To investigate GWS variability, GSFC, JPL_D, and CLSM observed a downward trend in GWS in 2022; GSFC exhibits the highest negative groundwater trend, while CLSM has the lowest negative trend. Then, from January to June 2023, GSFC had the highest positive trend, while CLSM had the lowest positive trend. Most of the study period has a negative trend for remote sensing that matches the monitoring well data in situ, in which wells 1, 2, and 4 are negative trends of the study period. In conclusion, these results improve the role of remote sensing in groundwater monitoring in small-scale region unconfined aquifers, which supports decision-making in water resource management. The findings illustrated a match between the results derived from the GRACE data and monitoring well data.

Mafic and ultramafic rocks have become a promising approach for atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction, as they are major sources of CO2-reactive minerals, i.e., olivine, pyroxene, plagioclase, and serpentine. The minerals potentially sequester CO2 by turning it into a stable solid phase through carbon mineralization in the rock weathering process. However, detailed descriptions and evaluations of the target formations are lacking. This study investigates the mineralogical composition and microtextural characteristics of representative mafic and ultramafic rocks observed in northern Thailand, using a petrographic analysis. The results show that variations in CO2-reactive mineral assemblages of rocks certainly affect their theoretical CO2 uptake potential. Ultramafic rocks tend to sequester larger amounts of CO2 than mafic rocks. The microtextural observation reveals the mineral size ranges of 0.05–5 mm for ultramafic and mafic intrusive rocks and 0.01–2 mm for mafic extrusive and metamorphosed rocks. Reducing the rock size to be equal to the average size of the reactive minerals could be considered one of the practical designs in enhanced rock weathering activities. Understanding the mineralogical and textural characteristics of target rocks thus plays a crucial role in further georesource exploration and engineering designs, supporting climate action strategies on various scales.

The observed scaling properties in the three aftershock sequences of the recent strong earthquakes of magnitudes Mw 6.1, Mw 6.4 and Mw 6.7, which occurred in the Ionian island region on the 26 January 2014 (onshore Cephalonia Island), 17 November 2015 (Lefkada Island) and 25 October 2018 (offshore Zakynthos Island), respectively, are presented. In the analysis, the frequency–magnitude distributions in terms of the Gutenberg–Richter scaling relationship are studied, along with the temporal evolution of the aftershock sequences, as described by the Omori–Utsu formula. The processing of interevent times distribution, based on non-extensive statistical physics, indicates a system in an anomalous equilibrium with long-range interactions and a cross over behavior from anomalous to normal statistical mechanics for greater interevent times. A discussion of this cross over behavior is given for all aftershock sequences in terms of superstatistics. Moreover, the common value of the Tsallis entropic parameter that was obtained suggests that aftershock sequences are systems with very low degrees of freedom. Finally, a scaling of the migration of the aftershock zones as a function of the logarithm of time is discussed regarding the rate strengthening rheology that governs the evolution of the afterslip process. Our results contribute to the understanding of the spatiotemporal evolution of aftershocks using a first principles approach based on non extensive statistical physics suggesting that this view could describe the process within a universal view.