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The substantiation of the parameters of an unmanned system for automated monitoring of animals on pasture

The research provides the substantiation of the main parameters of an unmanned automated herd monitoring system on a pasture by automating the measurement of current physiological indicators of animals to improve the efficiency and rate of supervision over them in free grazing conditions. The studies were based on the theory of radio communication about the propagation of radio waves, and also there was used a graphoanalytic method for calculating the parameters of component elements as parts of an unmanned system for automated monitoring of animals on pasture. The DJI Phantom 4 Advanced quadcopter was used to measure the flight time of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) over the real pasture. As a payload, the weight of 350 g was taken. As a pasture, the experimental field at the farm “Kutuzovka”, Kharkiv district, Kharkiv region with an area of 200 ha was used. The research was carried out in summer 2021. According to the results of well-known studies of the processes, methods and technical means of monitoring the physiological state of animals on pasture, it has been established that the advanced technological means including air-based devices should be used for remote monitoring. Among them are helicopter-type unmanned aerial vehicles, as well as elements of the radio telemetry system (RTM), individual tags and sensors of the physiological parameters of the animal. At the same time, an unmanned automated monitoring system in combination with RTM elements is able to provide the transmission of physiological data from any sensors located on the animal's body or inside it. The data are transmitted to the main point of receiving information for processing it on a PC and giving recommendations to specialists (veterinarians, zootechnicians, etc.). The power of the relay equipment on board the UAV is calculated to be at least 60 mW and the communication range with the animal transponder not more than 800 m. The main parameters of the UAV flight over a pasture of 200 hectares have been experimentally established – the height is 20 m, the speed is 8.7 km/h, the time is 27.5 min, the payload is 350 g.

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Open Access
Identification of parameters of the separation process of safflower seed material on sieves

Separation of seed mixtures for the purpose of their purification or calibration by fractions is a mandatory technological operation in the processing of most crops. Due to its properties, the process of separation of seed mixtures of individual crops has undefined parameters or low efficiency of its flow. A similar seed material is safflower, the parameters of the purification process of which were determined in the work taking into account different methods of separation of the components of the mixture. The work involves determining the parameters of the holes of the sieves and the scheme of their installation during the separation of the seed mixture of safflower, provided the maximum quality of seeds. For this purpose, the dimensional characteristics of safflower seeds and characteristic impurities were determined, which allowed to determine the possibilities of their qualitative separation. As a result of experiments, variation curves of dimensional characteristics of safflower seed mixture components in thickness and width were established. To imitate hard-to-separate components, winter wheat and pea grains were added to safflower seeds. The efficiency of sieve separation was also determined taking into account different types of sieve openings. Studies of the process of purification of safflower seed mixture were performed both on traditional flat stamped sieves and on the proposed sieves with activators. A study on the separation of safflower seed mixtures on traditional sieves with round holes with a diameter of 5.0 mm and rectangular holes with a width of 3.0 mm has been carried out. For the first time, a sieve with five-petalled epicycloid and volume activators was used to clean the seed mixture, which, thanks to the innovative design, allows us to increase the efficiency of the separation process. For the first time, a well-grounded method of determining the coefficient, which comprehensively takes into account the parameters of holes and jumpers, can be used to optimize the parameters of seed and grain cleaning machines. The separation efficiency of the safflower seed mixture was determined both by the content of fractions and by the indicators of 1000 seed weight, germination energy and seed germination. It has been found that to increase the productivity and quality of separation, it is advisable to use sieves with sieve activators: the upper sieve with five-petalled epicycloid activators 5 mm, and the lower with elongated holes 3 mm wide as well as volume activators.

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Open Access
Agricultural Equipment Design Optimization Based on the Inversion Method

A representative statistical analysis of the operational information of the reliability of tillage units, which have operating devices with an oscillating motion, was carried out. The results of the working condition of thirteen cultivators in operation, with an accumulated operating time of more than 280 thousand hectares, were considered. A field investigation was carried out in seven regions in Ukraine, characterizing various edaphoclimatic conditions. The occurrence of sudden failures due to the fracture of the elastic struttings of cultivator operating devices was established. There were 42 sudden failures among 260 tested struttings. The inversion method was proposed to determine the elastic elements’ loading parameters being a combination of the theoretical reliability model, which was adapted to the probability of failure-free operation prediction due to the fact of sudden failures, and statistical model-specific indicators that were obtained depending on the operating elastic struttings. The given approach, based on the evaluation of the operating tillage units, made it possible to determine the impact of the load on the existing designs of the machines and their elements leading to the sudden failures. It was possible to present such an influence in the form of a probabilistically justified reserve factor, which had an empirical basis and allowed for the design of the next generation of technical systems and their elements to correct the theoretically assumed load value. Constructive and technological changes in the design, based on the approach described in this article, provide an opportunity to manage the level of reliability for economic and image reasons.

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ANALYSIS AND PROSPECTS OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND DESIGN FEATURES OF SOWING MACHINES

To date, sowing is one of the most urgent tasks, therefore, universal sowing equipment is widely in demand, which should ensure a uniform distribution of the number of plants per unit area to create the same conditions for development. It is the sowing machines of this type that will largely solve the problems of timely high-quality sowing with a combination of other technological operations - soil preparation, fertilization, embedding, rolling, etc. At the same time, a significant amount of technical and human resources will be released, sowing dates will be strictly observed. Accordingly, the purpose of the study was to conduct a comparative analysis and prospects for the technological and design features of sowing machines to improve the operational reliability of the mechanism for copying the relief of sowing machines using advanced structural materials. The research was carried out by the method of technological and structural analysis of technologies and machines for sowing machines. In the process of research, methods of comparison and mathematical modeling of technological processes were used. The information base of the research was the works of Ukrainian and foreign scientists on technologies and machines for sowing. On the basis of the comparative analysis and the prospect of technological and design features of sowing machines, it was found that friendly stairs (at least 90%), and, as a result, a high yield depend on the quality of the work of the parallelogram mechanism for copying sowing complexes. The reason for the violation of agricultural requirements for sowing, in particular the depth and uniformity of seed placement, is the low durability of the mechanisms for copying the soil surface. It has been established that the main reason for the low reliability of these mechanisms is the use of "steel-to-steel" tribo-couplers in their mobile joints, which ensure operability with frequent (every 40...50 hours of operation) maintenance (lubrication). It has been revealed that it is promising to introduce polymer-composite materials for structural purposes in the movable mates of the parallelogram copying mechanism, which will change the working conditions and increase the durability of this mechanism as a whole. To solve the problems associated with the development and study of the properties of new or modified PCM in the movable joints of sowing machines, it is necessary to conduct a theoretical justification and experimental feasibility of using polymer parts and their effectiveness. It is necessary to develop a model that describes the dynamics of loads under different operating conditions of the disc coulter. It is also necessary to carry out theoretical calculations that take into account the change in the load on individual nodes of the parallelogram copying mechanism.

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Open Access
Diagnostics of Tractor Transmissions by Vibration Levels

The task of developing universal methods with high reliability of quality assessment, design, and diagnostics of the technical state of a tractor requires taking into account the design features and conditions of its operation. Determining the causes of tractor gearbox malfunction and subsequent repair is a complex, lengthy, and expensive procedure. Therefore, the development of a method for diagnosing a tractor gearbox malfunction without disassembly is a complex and demanded task. The quality assessment of gearboxes was carried out based on the analysis of the scatter of the maximum and minimum vibration levels of the sample of gearboxes. The assessment of the possibilities of reducing vibration levels due to compliance with the technology of production of gearboxes was carried out with minimum vibration levels of the sample of gearboxes. Analysis of the results of experimental studies showed a spread of maximum and minimum vibration levels from 10 dB to 25 dB. This testifies to the high instability of the technology for manufacturing parts and assembling gearboxes. As you know, the transition of the mechanism to another class of a technical condition is 8 dB, and an increase in the vibration level from 16 dB to 20 dB is the limiting value of vibration. Therefore, we can conclude that tractors of the T-150K type, already at the production stage, produce different classes of technical condition from “good” to unacceptable for operation. Statistical processing of measurement results was carried out. The mean square deviations of the vibration of 17 gearboxes were determined for eight measurement points. The main reason for the accelerated malfunctions and decrease of the lifetime is the excess of the vibration in the gearboxes over the permitted level.

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